Replacing churches and mason lodges? Tax exemptions and rural development

Abstract

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“…This contribution therefore aims to enrich the studies assessing the territorial policies that enhance local resources (place-based policies, see Irwin et al, 2010). The most studied policies concern the Enterprise zones (exemption from tax on labour and land costs in return for setting up in a targeted area), such as the Empowerment Zone Program in the United States (Busso et al, 2013), the Zones Franches Urbaines (ZFUurban tax-free zones) (Malgouyres & Py, 2016) or, in France, zones de revitalisation rurale (ZRR -rural revitalisation zones) (Behaghel et al, 2015). Enterprise zones aim to create a labour demand shock by waiving a part of the labour cost of new companies.…”

“…In the United States, for example, studies generally show poor effectiveness of state-implemented programmes (Neumark & Kolko, 2010), unlike the federal programme (Busso et al, 2013). As regards the policies implemented in France, and more specifically those introduced in rural areas, Behaghel et al (2015) highlight the lack of impact of the ZRR, particularly when compared with the estimated impacts of the ZFU (Givord et al, 2013;. The majority of these studies explain these limited and contrasting economic findings as the result, on the one hand, of the effects of activity moving from non-beneficiary areas to beneficiary areas (Mayer et al, 2017;Einiö & Overman, 2020), and, on the other hand, of the significant heterogeneity of the findings with local characteristics (Briant et al, 2015).…”

“…CPER) 3 2007-2013 (EUR 4.9 billion per year). However, its comparison with policies that are more specifically focused on attractiveness levers, such as the ZRR policy, estimated at EUR 400 million per year (Behaghel et al, 2015) in 2009, or the territorial component of the CPER (EUR 480 million per year) indicates that this is a significant public policy for rural areas.…”

Place Based Attractivity Policy in the French Massif central: Results from a Quantitative and qualitative assessment

“…Il existe de très nombreuses méthodes de mesure de l'eficacité d'une politique (voir Nijkamp et Poot, 2012 pour une revue de la littérature). Les méthodes quantitatives d'évaluation d'impact se développent rapidement ces dernières années ; en France, les analyses ont surtout porté sur les politiques d'exonération iscale dans les zones de revitalisation rurale, et montrent des effets faibles (Lourenceau, 2010 ;Behaghel et al, 2015), voire non signiicatifs une fois tenu compte des interactions spatiales (Ba et Baumont, 2015). Les évaluations d'impact sont encore peu appropriées par les décideurs élaborant des politiques régionales (Pienkowski et Berkowitz, 2015 ;Navet, 2015).…”

Area‐specific subsidies and population dynamics: Evidence from the Australian zone tax offset

“…In Europe, Gobillon, Magnac, and Selod () and Behaghel, Lorenceau, and Quantin () find no empirical evidence of the effectiveness of place based policies in France, while Jofre‐Monseny () concludes that a place based unemployment benefit in lagging rural areas in Spain reduced the rate of population decline by triggering both in‐migration into the treated regions and reducing out‐migration. Overall, there is scope for more research on rural schemes to evaluate the relationship between placed based policy performance and rurality.…”