Background
Allergic reactions to tattoos are amongst the most common side effects occurring with this permanent deposition of pigments into the dermal skin layer. The characterization of such pigments and their distribution has been investigated in recent decades. The health impact of tattoo equipment on the extensive number of people with inked skin has been the focus of neither research nor medical diagnostics. Although tattoo needles contain high amounts of sensitizing elements like nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr), their influence on metal deposition in skin has never been investigated.
Results
Here, we report the deposition of nano- and micrometer sized tattoo needle wear particles in human skin that translocate to lymph nodes. Usually tattoo needles contain nickel (6–8%) and chromium (15–20%) both of which prompt a high rate of sensitization in the general population. As verified in pig skin, wear significantly increased upon tattooing with the suspected abrasive titanium dioxide white when compared to carbon black pigment. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy of the tattoo needle revealed a high wear after tattooing with ink containing titanium dioxide. The investigation of a skin biopsy obtained from a nickel sensitized patient with type IV allergy toward a tattoo showed both wear particles and iron pigments contaminated with nickel.
Conclusion
Previously, the virtually inevitable nickel contamination of iron pigments was suspected to be responsible for nickel-driven tattoo allergies. The evidence from our study clearly points to an additional entry of nickel to both skin and lymph nodes originating from tattoo needle wear with an as yet to be assessed impact on tattoo allergy formation and systemic sensitization.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-019-0317-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium (Gd) -based contrast agents (GBCA) is used routinely as a diagnostic/prognostic tool in patients with neuroinflammation such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). However, after multiple applications, GBCA may enter and deposit into the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we used ICP-MS as well as microand nano-synchrotron X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to detect and quantify Gd deposition in the brain of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice suffering from neuroinflammation, after repetitive GBCA applications.
Metallic implants are frequently used in medicine to support and replace degenerated tissues. Implant loosening due to particle exposure remains a major cause for revision arthroplasty. The exact role of metal debris in sterile peri-implant inflammation is controversial, as it remains unclear whether and how metals chemically alter and potentially accumulate behind an insulating peri-implant membrane, in the adjacent bone and bone marrow (BM). An intensively focused and bright synchrotron X-ray beam allows for spatially resolving the multi-elemental composition of peri-implant tissues from patients undergoing revision surgery. In peri-implant BM, particulate cobalt (Co) is exclusively co-localized with chromium (Cr), non-particulate Cr accumulates in the BM matrix. Particles consisting of Co and Cr contain less Co than bulk alloy, which indicates a pronounced dissolution capacity. Particulate titanium (Ti) is abundant in the BM and analyzed Ti nanoparticles predominantly consist of titanium dioxide in the anatase crystal phase. Co and Cr but not Ti integrate into peri-implant bone trabeculae. The characteristic of Cr to accumulate in the intertrabecular matrix and trabecular bone is reproducible in a human 3D in vitro model. This study illustrates the importance of updating the view on long-term consequences of biomaterial usage and reveals toxicokinetics within highly sensitive organs.
Degradation
of the implant surface and particle release/formation
as an inflammation catalyst mechanism is an emerging concept in dental
medicine that may help explain the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis.
The aim of the present study was a synchrotron-based characterization
of micro- and nanosized implant-related particles in inflamed human
tissues around titanium and ceramic dental implants that exhibited
signs of peri-implantitis. Size, distribution, and chemical speciation
of the exogenous micro- and nanosized particle content were evaluated
using synchrotron μ-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), nano-XRF,
and μ-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). Titanium
particles, with variable speciation, were detected in all tissue sections
associated with titanium implants. Ceramic particles were found in
five out of eight tissue samples associated with ceramic implants.
Particles ranged in size from micro- to nanoscale. The local density
of both titanium and ceramic particles was calculated to be as high
as ∼40 million particles/mm3. μ-XANES identified
titanium in predominantly two different chemistries, including metallic
and titanium dioxide (TiO2). The findings highlight the
propensity for particle accumulation in the inflamed tissues around
dental implants and will help in guiding toxicological studies to
determine the biological significance of such exposures.
Endotoxemia induced a myocardial COX-mediated inflammation without signs of ischemia. In parallel, a depletion of myocardial energy substrates and a deterioration in myocardial performance were seen.
To evaluate whether etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-blocking agent, may counteract hemodynamic deterioration in endotoxemic shock, we designed a prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial with parallel groups, consisting of 13 pigs aged 10-14 weeks receiving general anesthesia. Five pigs were given 25 mg of etanercept, 1 h before the start of a 4-h continuous infusion of endotoxin. Another 5 pigs were given the corresponding volume of saline, 1 h before the start of a 4-h continuous infusion of endotoxin. Three pigs were given 25 mg of etanercept, 1 hr before the start of a 4-h continuous infusion of saline. At 1 h of endotoxemia, mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) increased identically in both groups of pigs receiving endotoxin. Thereafter, two distinct different patterns in hemodynamics were observed. TNF-blocked pigs showed significantly lower MPAP and PVRI compared to controls. In the etanercept-treated endotoxemic pigs, Doppler analysis of the diastolic mitral inflow demonstrated a significantly increased E/A-ratio (early mitral wave inflow was divided by the atrial wave) at 2 h. The TNFblocking agent etanercept normalized two hemodynamic features of endotoxin-induced septic shock in pigs: (1) the sustained pulmonary hypertension and (2) diastolic dysfunction.
Aim
To assess the extent of gaps between root dentine and titanium or fibreglass post restorations following cementation with a self‐adhesive resin cement.
Methodology
Fourteen root filled maxillary central incisors restored with prefabricated posts made of Fibreglass (n = 7) or Titanium (n = 7) and cemented with RelyX Unicem 2 were imaged by rapid, high‐resolution phase contrast‐enhanced micro‐CT (PCE‐CT) in a synchrotron X‐ray imaging facility (ID19, ESRF, 34 KeV, 0.65 µm pixel resolution). Reconstructions were used to measure canal, cement and post perimeters and cross‐sectional areas and interfacial gaps at 0.1 mm increments in the root canal space, along the cervical region of the tooth. Remnants of endodontic sealer (AH Plus), when present, were also quantified. Mann–Whitney and 2‐way ANOVA tests were used to compare findings within slices and between the two post groups. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were determined between the interfacial gaps and the other measured parameters.
Results
Clearly detectable gaps were found in 45% (±14%) of the interfaces between dentine and cement, along the canal in the cervical area of the tooth beneath the core. The length of interfacial gaps was moderately correlated to the canal cross‐sectional area, to the canal perimeter and to the canal area filled by cement (R = 0.52 ~ 0.55, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between samples with fibreglass or titanium (P > 0.01). Both post types had defect‐free interfaces with cement. Endodontic sealer remnants were found on ~10% of the canal walls and were moderately correlated to the presence of gaps. Approximately 30% of the sealer‐affected interfaces exhibited no detachment between dentine, sealer and cement.
Conclusions
Self‐adhesive cements had interfacial gaps along substantial regions of the root canal surface, which was not correlated with the amount of cement in the canal. PCE‐CT proved to be an excellent non‐destructive method to study root canal restorations of hydrated samples in 3D.
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