A Odontologia Legal é uma ciência capaz de auxiliar a busca pela identidade de um indivÃduo, podendo contribuir para o estabelecimento do perfil antropológico a partir da análise do crânio, permitindo assim, que caracterÃsticas como o sexo, seja passÃvel de determinação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a compatibilidade de resultados na determinação do sexo, entre a análise cranioscópica (qualitativa) e a análise craniométrica (quantitativa) pelo Ãndice de Baudoin. Foram utilizados 100 crânios humanos de um Museu de Anatomia, sem o conhecimento prévio do sexo. O sexo foi classificado, primeiramente, pelas caracterÃsticas qualitativas e, em seguida, de acordo com o Ãndice de Baudoin, por meio de mensurações realizadas nos côndilos occipitais, esquerdo e direito, de cada crânio. Tais medidas foram aferidas com o uso de um paquÃmetro digital, individualmente, por um único examinador. Pelos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o Ãndice de Baudoin não foi compatÃvel, estatisticamente, com o exame qualitativo. Ainda foi possÃvel verificar que existe correlação entre os resultados obtidos nos côndilos occipitais de ambos os lados de um mesmo crânio, independentemente de qual seja o sexo determinado. A taxa de concordância entre os métodos foi baixa para a amostra examinada, razão pela qual se sugere que o Ãndice de Baudoin não é método de escolha ideal a ser utilizado, para determinação de sexo, no cotidiano da prática forense.Â
Purpose This study aimed to assess the usefulness of machine learning and automation techniques to match pairs of panoramic radiographs for personal identification. Materials and Methods Two hundred panoramic radiographs from 100 patients (50 males and 50 females) were randomly selected from a private radiological service database. Initially, 14 linear and angular measurements of the radiographs were made by an expert. Eight ratio indices derived from the original measurements were applied to a statistical algorithm to match radiographs from the same patients, simulating a semi-automated personal identification process. Subsequently, measurements were automatically generated using a deep neural network for image recognition, simulating a fully automated personal identification process. Results Approximately 85% of the radiographs were correctly matched by the automated personal identification process. In a limited number of cases, the image recognition algorithm identified 2 potential matches for the same individual. No statistically significant differences were found between measurements performed by the expert on panoramic radiographs from the same patients. Conclusion Personal identification might be performed with the aid of image recognition algorithms and machine learning techniques. This approach will likely facilitate the complex task of personal identification by performing an initial screening of radiographs and matching ante-mortem and post-mortem images from the same individuals.
Measuring lead in the surface dental enamel (SDE) using biopsies is a rapid, safe, and painless procedure. The dental enamel lead levels (DELLs) decrease from the outermost superficial layer to the inner layer of dental enamel, which becomes crucial for the biopsy depth (BD) measurement. However, whether the origin of lead found in SDE is fully endogenous is not yet established. There is also controversy about the biopsy protocol. The aims of this study were to investigate if DELLs are altered by extrinsic contamination (A) and to evaluate the real geometric figure formed by the erosion provoked by biopsy procedure and the respective BD in SDE (B). To accomplish the aim A, lead from 90 bovine incisor crowns lead was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer as a function of exposure time and lead concentration. Two biopsies were performed in each tooth, before and after lead exposure. Six 15-tooth groups differed by exposure time (1 or 30 min) and lead concentrations (A. 0 mg/L-placebo, B. 0.01 mg/L-standard for drinking water, or C. 0.06 mg/L-concentration found in contaminated groundwater). Phosphorus was determined by an inductively coupled plasm optical emission spectrometer to quantify the enamel removed. To compare intakes/losses of lead in SDE among the groups, values of DELL differences between before and after lead exposure were compared by ANOVA (p < 0.05). To attain the objective B, one extracted human permanent tooth was studied by confocal Raman microscopy. Lead measurements and the surface profile were determined. There was no difference in DELL among the groups (p = 0.964). The biopsy bottom surface area, analyzed by microscopy, showed an irregular area, with regions of peaks and valleys, where areas with depth ranging from 0.2 (peaks) to 1.8 μm (valleys) (± 0.1 μm) could be found. BD carried out in vivo is commonly calculated using the cylinder height formula. The real BD was shown to be very similar to already published data. In conclusion, the SDE of erupted teeth does not seem to be susceptible to environmental lead intake, being thus reliable to measure remote exposures to lead.
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