Real-time attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform
infrared
spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was used as an analytical method capable of
providing quantitative data regarding the yield of biodiesel synthesis. 1H NMR was used as a reference technique to check the consistency
of the data obtained by ATR-FTIR. The evaluation of the conversion
of soybean oil into biodiesel was performed by measuring the consumption
of methanol during the reaction.
Calcium carbonate scale is formed during oil and gas production. Tube-blocking tests (TBTs) are used to define the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in order to prevent scale adhesion in the petroleum production system equipment. However, non-adhered crystals may favor heterogeneous nucleation to other deposits such as calcium naphthenates, causing a more severe scale problem, increasing production losses and treatment costs. The objective of the present work was to develop a new dynamic test methodology to determine the MIC for CaCO3 using a sintered metal filter. Organophosphorus inhibitors were selected for comparison with the conventional dynamic tube-blocking system. The results demonstrated that the use of the filter allowed an MIC of the inhibitors to be obtained considering the precipitation prevention. The inhibitor concentration in the conventional tube-blocking system does not prevent precipitation, acting only on adhesion and crystal growth on the capillary wall. Tests to evaluate the potential of calcium naphthenates formation in a naphthenate flow rig dynamic system demonstrated the influence of heterogeneous nucleation from non-adhered carbonate crystals, potentially aggravating deposition problems in oil and gas production systems.
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