Immediate hypersensitivity reactions to quinolones do occur, with moxifloxacin being the drug most frequently involved. The BAT is a useful method for diagnosing patients. Specific IgE was demonstrated by Sepharose-RIA and inhibition assay.

After an allergological work-up, over 90% of the children evaluated were finally confirmed as tolerant to BLs. Most reactions were of the non-immediate type, and DPT was an essential tool for diagnosis.

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Hypersensitivity to RCM was confirmed in 9%, by ST or DPT. BAT proved a valuable method for diagnosis.

Understanding how ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (metal core ∼1–1.5 nm), so-called gold nanoclusters (Au NCs), interact with biological barriers has become highly important for their future bioapplications. The properties of Au NCs with tunable hydrophobicity were extensively characterized in three different biological situations: (i) interaction with serum in solution, (ii) interaction with synthetic free-standing lipid bilayers integrated in a microfluidic device, and (iii) cell studies with two different cell types (U87MG human primary glioblastoma and A375 melanoma cell lines). Our results indicate a significant impact of the precise tailoring of the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity balance on the Au NC surfaces, which could prevent the formation of biomolecular absorption while maintaining excellent colloidal stability in solutions with high serum contents. Increasing the surface hydrophobicity of the Au NCs enabled more efficient lipid bilayer membrane insertion and induced faster cellular uptake. We showed the existence of a hydrophobicity threshold, which resulted in colloidal instability, lipid bilayer damage, and acute cytotoxicity. We also demonstrated a significant influence of metal–ligand shell hydrophobicity on the fluorescence signal of the Au NCs, increasing it in the near-infrared region. A twofold signal enhancement was achieved by simple replacement of methyl groups with ethyl groups.

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Ibon Eguiluz-Gracia, Ruben Fernandez-Santamaria and Almudena Testera-Montes contributed equally to this work. Clinical Implications: Nasal reactivity to aeroallergens with and without systemic IgE sensitization can coexist in the same rhinitis patient.