Daily legal practice in local centers of Muscovite Rus’ before the publication of the Law Code of 1649 (Sobornoe Ulozhenie) has been poorly studied. This article uses comparative analysis to study two groups of sources about the legal process and law enforcement in Novgorod the Great in the late 16th–early 17th centuries. The analysis illuminates a complicated hierarchy of legal levels. At the same time, the competences of the courts at each level were not always clearly defined, which corresponds to the ideas formulated by N.S. Kollmann in her study on crime and punishment in Muscovy. In the late 16th–early 17th centuries, the Novgorod Court Chancellery was a middle level of the judicial system. The highest instance was the court in Moscow, which passed judgment on behalf of the tsar and was provided by central chancelleries in the Kremlin. During the Time of Troubles, the hierarchy became simpler: the communication with Moscow disappeared and only two levels prevailed in Novgorod. The city administrator’s court (voevoda) dealt with political crimes and landowners’ disputes, while the City Court and other lower level courts dealt with civil and petty criminal cases. The courts were ruled by both codes and customary law: the existing law codes (Sudebniki) did not cover all the diversity of legal cases.
This paper is focused on the issues of cultural hierarchies in early modern European imperial discourses in all-European discourse about Muscovy and Ottoman Empire and English discourse about Ireland, which have not been previously compared, in the narratives by Petrus Petreus, Paul Rycaut, Fynes Moryson and John Davies. The authors of the article have analyzed mechanisms of building the cultural hierarchies and compares different traditions of ethnographical descriptions with each other. The authors under consideration not only create cultural hierarchies, but also instrumentalize the image of the Other to some extent. They focus on government, laws, religion and manners. The choice of these aspects aims to highlight problems important not for (or not only for) the Other, but for authors` societies themselves. The fact that most accounts describe relative barbarians rather than absolute also can be a consequence of such instrumentalization, because comparison between "us" and the Other becomes important.
The article uses the prosopographical method to examine the history of Muslim and newly-baptised Tatars in Novgorod after 1550. 418 biographies were studied. The main sources were documents from the Razryad (service lists) and Pomestny Prikaz (land chancellery): local Novgorod court records also furnished further information. The history of the Novgorod Tartars began in the 1550s, when groups from Astrakhan and Kazan were settled in the eastern part of Novgorod region (Sugletsa and Udomlya districts). As they served the tsar, they received landed estates in Novgorod that were populated with Orthodox peasants. Between 1550
Abstract:The history of boundaries is the subject of different sciences including history itself, geography, anthropology, sociology and many other disciplines. The correlation of the theoretical interpretations of the borders' development and the factual historical data is the most difficult problem to be solved. In order to resolve this problem in a consistent manner the modern instrument of the geoinformation systems (GIS) can be used. The article is showing how the different layers and interpretations can be consistently overlaid on the map on the case of the Russian-Swedish border history after 1617.Ключевые слова / Keywords: ГИС, Россия, Швеция, Ингрия, Столбовский договор 1617 г., граница / Geoinformation systems (GIS), Russia, Sweden, Ingria, the 1617 Treaty of Stolbovo, border.Границы и история их развития представляют собой сложный и многомерный предмет для изучения. В фокусе внимания исследователя -разнообразные и противоречивые факторы, которые условно можно разделить на глобальные (универсальные) и локальные (конкретно-исторические).Под глобальными факторами будут подразумеваться подходы к интерпретации границ, а под локальными -совокупность и разнородность данных и источников по изучению границы. Различные комбинации подходов и подборка источников дают совершенно различные интерпретации истории границ и приграничья, позволяют по-разному посмотреть на причины и следствия тех или иных событий. Сложность Статья подготовлена в рамках выполнения проекта РГНФ (ОГОН РФФИ) № 15-01-00205/17-ОГОН «Русско-шведская граница в Ингрии XVII века: историко-географическое исследование».
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