Background and Purpose—
The term “minor stroke” is often used; however a consensus definition is lacking. We explored the relationship of 6 “minor stroke” definitions and outcome and tested their validity in subgroups of patients.
Methods—
A total of 760 consecutive patients with acute ischemic strokes were classified according to the following definitions: A, score ≤1 on every National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) item and normal consciousness; B, lacunar-like syndrome; C, motor deficits with or without sensory deficits; D, NIHSS ≤9 excluding those with aphasia, neglect, or decreased consciousness; E, NIHSS ≤9; and F, NIHSS ≤3. Short-term outcome was considered favorable when patients were discharged home, and favorable medium-term outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of ≤2 at 3 months. The following subgroup analyses were performed by definition: sex, age, anterior versus posterior and right versus left hemispheric stroke, and early (0 to 6 hours) versus late admission (6 to 24 hours) to the hospital.
Results—
Short-term and medium-term outcomes were most favorable in patients with definition A (74% and 90%, respectively) and F (71% and 90%, respectively). Patients with definition C and anterior circulation strokes were more likely to be discharged home than patients with posterior circulation strokes (
P
=0.021). The medium-term outcome of older patients with definition E was less favorable compared with the outcome of younger ones (
P
=0.001), whereas patients with definition A, D, and F did not show different outcomes in any subgroup.
Conclusions—
Patients fulfilling definition A and F had best short-term and medium-term outcomes. They would be best suited to the definition of “minor stroke.”
Global and fully automatic registration of bones aquired with ultrasound to CT is feasible, with bone detection and tracking operating in real time for immediate feedback to the surgeon.
Nutzungsbedingungen
Summary
Emotion Understanding of Victimized and Bullying Children in Kindergarten -Starting Points for a Prevention?Being victimized by peers is one of the most negative social experiences of childhood and adolescence. Emotions play a central role in these kinds of interaction. Surprisingly however, socio-affective skills of victimized and bullying children have only rarely been the subject of investigation. In this study, the emotion understanding of Swiss kindergarten children between the ages of four and seven years was probed with the Test of Emotion Comprehension (TEC) and an emotion recognition task. Individual scores in victimization and bullying behavior were determined using teacher ratings. Ordinal regression analyses showed that problems in recognizing mimic emotions (specifically anger, sadness and fear), understanding external causes of emotions and understanding the possibility of hiding emotions were predictive of more victimization. Likewise, problems in understanding external causes of emotions were related to more bullying behavior. Implications of these results for the prevention of bullying are discussed.
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