Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen causing a major problem in the export and post-harvest of strawberries. Inappropriate use of fungicides leads to resistance among fungal pathogens. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the sensitivity of B. cinerea to various classes of fungicide and to determine the effectiveness of different concentrations of commonly used fungicides. We thus evaluated the effectiveness of six classes of fungicide in inhibiting the growth and development of this pathogen, namely, fludioxonil, iprodione, pyrimethanil, tebuconazole, fenpyrazamine, and boscalid. Fludioxonil was the most effective (EC50 < 0.1 μg/ml), and pyrimethanil was the least effective (EC50 = 50 μg/ml), at inhibiting the mycelial growth of B. cinerea. Fenpyrazamine and pyrimethanil showed relatively low effectiveness in inhibiting the germination and conidial production of B. cinerea. Our results are useful for the management of B. cinerea and as a basis for monitoring the sensitivity of B. cinerea strains to fungicides.
Rice blast disease, caused by the ascomycete fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most important diseases in rice production. PAS (period circadian protein, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein, single-minded protein) domains are known to be involved in signal transduction pathways, but their functional roles have not been well studied in fungi. In this study, targeted gene deletion was carried out to investigate the functional roles of the PAS-containing gene MoPAS1 (MGG_02665) in M. oryzae. The deletion mutant DMopas1 exhibited easily wettable mycelia, reduced conidiation, and defects in appressorium formation and disease development compared to the wild type and complemented transformant. Exogenous cAMP restored appressorium formation in DMopas1, but the shape of the restored appressorium was irregular, indicating that MoPAS1 is involved in sensing the hydrophobic surface. To examine the expression and localization of MoPAS1 in M. oryzae during appressorium development and plant infection, we constructed a MoPAS1:GFP fusion construct. MoPAS1:GFP was observed in conidia and germ tubes at 0 and 2 h post-infection (hpi) on hydrophobic cover slips. By 8 hpi, most of the GFP signal was observed in the appressoria. During invasive growth in host cells, MoPAS1:GFP was found to be fully expressed in not only the appressoria but also invasive hyphae, suggesting that MoPAS may contribute to disease development in host cells. These results expand our knowledge of the roles of PAS-containing regulatory genes in the plant-pathogenic fungus M. oryzae.
This research focused on the natural durability of twenty one lesser known tropical wood species planted in West Java, Indonesia against subterranean termite (Coptotermes curvignathus). It was observed that both heartwood and sapwood of Kiara payung (Filicium decipiens); heartwoods of Nangka (Arthocarpus heterophyllus), Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla) and Simpur (Dillenia grandifolia); and sapwood of Bungur (Lagerstroemia speciosa) were rated as resistant (natural durability class Ⅱ) according to Indonesian standard SNI 01.7207.200601.7207. (BSN 2006. Both heartwood and sapwood of Salam (Syzigium polyanthum), Pasang (Lithocarpus sundaicus), Bisbul (Diospyros discolor), Rukam (Flacourtia rukam) and Trembesi (Samanea saman); heartwood of Puspa (Schima walichii), Bungur, Tanjung (Mimusops elangi) and Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) were rated as moderately resistant (natural durability class Ⅲ). Both heartwood and sapwood of Sungkai (Peronema canescens), Pine (Pinus merkusii), Mangium (Acacia mangium) and Afrika (Maesopsis eminii); sapwoods of Mahoni, Puspa and Tanjung were rated as poorly resistant (natural durability class Ⅳ). Both heartwood and sapwood of Agathis (Agathis dammara), Durian (Durio zibethinus), Ki sampang (Evodia latifolia) and Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba); sapwoods of Nangka and Angsana were rated as very poorly resistant (natural durability class Ⅴ). This reserach showed that woods with lower resistance against C. curvignathus attack (natural durability class Ⅳ and Ⅴ) tend to have lower termite mortality values compared to woods with higher resistance against C. curvignathus attack (natural durability class Ⅱ and Ⅲ). Results of the study will provide some valuable information on termite resistance of twenty one lesser known tropical wood species planted in Indonesia.
Poh-pohan (Pilea trinervia) is one of important indigenous vegetables. Pests and diseases on poh-pohan have not been studied. The aims of this research were to study pests and diseases of poh-pohan, management of pests and diseases, and agronomical practices in Bogor. Methods used in the study were Interview using structured questionnaire on 20 farmers, feld observation at two locations and laboratory identification. Symptoms of pest attack were found on leaf such as shot hole, leaf cut, and leaf speck. Pest of poh-pohan were worm larvae family Noctuidae, grasshopper family Acrididae, and leafhopper family Cicadellidae. Diseases of pilea were basal stem rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, leaf spot caused by Phyllosticta sp, antrachnose caused by Colletotrichum sp. There was no specific measures to control plant pests and diseases. Pilea was cultivated by in agroforestry system under pinus and damar stand.Key words: agroforestry, attack symptoms of insect, indigenous vegetables, pests and diseases, poh-pohan. ABSTRAKPoh-pohan (Pilea trinervia) merupakan salah satu tanaman sayuran indigenous yang penting. Permasalahan hama dan penyakit di poh-pohan belum pernah diteliti. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui jenis hama dan penyakit pada tanaman poh-pohan, pengelolaan hama dan penyakit, dan teknik budidaya yang dilakukan di dua lokasi budidaya poh-pohan di wilayah Kabupaten Bogor. Metode yang digunakan yaitu wawancara terhadap 20 petani, pengamatan lapangan di dua lokasi berbeda dengan mengambil 10 tanaman contoh secara diagonal dengan total 20 lahan dalam satu kali pengamatan, identifikasi, pengambilan sampel hama dan penyakit pada tanaman contoh, koleksi dan analisis data. Individu hama tidak ditemukan pada tanaman contoh. Gejala serangan hama yang ditemukan yaitu daun berlubang disebabkan oleh serangga dari famili Noctuidae, gerigitan pada daun disebabkan oleh famili Acrididae, dan bintik putih pada daun disebabkan oleh famili Cicadellidae. Penyakit yang ditemukan adalah busuk pangkal batang yang disebabkan oleh Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Bercak daun disebabkan oleh Phyllosticta sp. Antraknosa disebabkan oleh Colletotrichum sp. Pengendalian hama dan penyakit tidak dilakukan secara khusus. Teknik budidaya poh-pohan menggunakan sistem wanatani di bawah tegakan pohon damar dan pinus.Kata kunci : gejala serangan hama, hama dan penyakit, poh-pohan, sayuran indigenous, wanatani.
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