Introduction:Postgraduate students spend a sizeable proportion of their time on social media platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook. This change in our social interaction needs to be accommodated in our teaching methods. To engage them and arouse their curiosity, WhatsApp is an ideal platform. Digital photography by cell phone cameras has made it possible to share cases and discuss them with students round the clock.Objective:The primary aim of the study was to develop sharing and discussion of images using WhatsApp. It also aimed at gathering feedback by means of a questionnaire from pathology residents about their views about the use of WhatsApp for teaching purpose.Materials and Methods:A WhatsApp group by the name “Pathology on the Go” was created with the authors of this study as group administrators and all junior and senior resident doctors (69) as members. The group was used to discuss interesting cases, quiz questions, and other pathology-related academic issues. At the end of 4 weeks, a questionnaire was distributed among the members, and feedback was sought regarding their experience in the group.Results:Over a 4-week period, 16 cases were discussed with 647 posts. A total of 45 participants out of 69 were active participants, and they had an average of 14 posts over the 4-week period. Majority of the participants found the discussions very useful with minimal disruption of the daily routine.Conclusion:There is a need to incorporate Web 2.0 tools such as WhatsApp in our teaching methods to capture as much screen time of the students as possible.

INTRODUCTION:During the past decade, there has been a paradigm shift in medical education from the problem-based learning to competency-based training. This has forced a rethink on the way we evaluate the residents and finally give them the right to handle patients independently. This study makes the first attempt towards designing competency-based training program for pathology residents by formulating the entrustable professional activities (EPAs) for the 1st year pathology residents.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A questionnaire comprising 18 potential EPAs in histopathology and 12 potential EPAs in cytology were circulated among the residents of Pathology Department. The respondents were asked to grade the EPAs on a scale of 0–4 based on how important they considered that activity as EPA. The cumulative score of each EPA was divided by the number of respondents to arrive at the average score. The EPAs with an average score of 3 or more qualified to be shortlisted as consensus EPAs.RESULTS:Five activities each of histopathology and cytopathology had an average score of 3 or above and were shortlisted as EPAs for the 1st year pathology postgraduates. Each of these was also mapped to their respective competencies.CONCLUSION:There is an urgent need to restructure the postgraduate pathology curriculum in line with competency-based training. This study is the first step in this direction.

Background: The primigravida are a group at risk as their capacity of child bearing has never put to the test, “primigravida is a dark and untired horse". The potential for future child bearing is determined by outcome of first labour. Hence, if first pregnancy results in normal healthy child, patient is mentally better prepared for subsequent pregnancies. Foetal head is said to be engaged when its biparietal diameter, the greatest diameter in an occiput presentation, passes through the pelvic inlet. Unengagement of head in primigravida has long been considered a possible sign of cephalopelvic disproportion.Methods: The study had 220 primigravida of which 110 had unengaged head as study group and 110 engaged head as controls. Data collection was done and the course of labour in all the patients recorded on partograph and all the patients were studied in detail. Engagement of the head was defined on the basis of Second Pawlik’s grip and Crichton’s fifth’s formula.Results: Our study shows that higher age group had more number of cases with unengaged head. The patient with engaged head had higher number of vaginal delivery than study group with unengaged head. More number of LSCS i.e. about 39.1% in study group as compared to 21% of controls is statistically significant difference (p value 0.05).Conclusions: We can conclude that primigravida with unengaged foetal head at onset of labour may deliver vaginally with minimal maternal morbidity, if proper   monitoring and maintenance of partogram is done.

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Background and Aim Endoscopic biopsy is standard for the diagnosis of esophageal malignancy. However, few cases present with smooth stricture with repetitive negative biopsy results. We aimed to use linear endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of biopsy‐negative suspected malignant esophageal strictures. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the data from August 2017 to December 2018 of biopsy‐negative esophageal strictures. All adult patients with twice‐negative biopsies and with smooth overlying esophageal mucosa on endoscopy were included. Clinical, epidemiological, endoscopic, imaging, and EUS findings were noted and analyzed. Results Eighteen patients underwent EUS for suspicion of malignant esophageal stricture. Seven were excluded as they were submucosal tumors. Eleven patients showed the presence of malignancy on EUS FNA samples. Nine were males. Computed tomography showed esophageal wall thickening in eight (16–38 mm) and esophageal mass in three patients. EUS showed loss of a normal five‐layered wall structure of the esophagus in all patients. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology demonstrated squamous cell carcinoma (n = 4), adenocarcinoma (n = 4), poorly differentiated carcinoma (n = 2), and neuroendocrine carcinoma (n = 1). There were no complications. Conclusion EUS with FNA is effective and safe for the diagnosis of biopsy‐negative malignant esophageal strictures.

We report the first case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated brain abscess caused by a rare Trichosporon species, T. dohaense . The patient was a known diabetic and had received systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID-19. He underwent craniotomy and evacuation of abscess. The pus aspirate grew a basidiomycetous yeast, morphologically resembling Trichosporon species. The isolate was initially misidentified by VITEK® MS due to lack of mass spectral database of T. dohaense . Accurate identification was achieved by internal transcribed spacer-directed panfungal polymerase chain reaction. The patient had a favorable outcome following surgical intervention and antifungal therapy.

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Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder which is defined as binge eating which is followed by purging and inappropriately increased concern about one's weight and body shape. We report a case of a 20 year old female who presented with a history of a dysphagia since 2 months. She had a history of binge eating disorder followed by a ritual of purging activity since six years. She also gave a history of increased concern about her weight and body shape. On endoscopy, a growth was seen on the esophagus, which upon biopsy showed features of squamous cell carcinoma.Thus, even in a young female, a simple psychological eating disorder might manifest as a malignancy. This emphasizes the need of early diagnosis and treatment of such innocent looking eating disorders to prevent serious complications in the future.