Allogrooming appears to be essential in many social animals for protection from routine exposure to parasites. In social insects, it appears to be critical for the removal of pathogenic propagules from the cuticle before they can start an infectious cycle. For subterranean termites, this includes fungal spores commonly encountered in the soil, such as Metarhizium conidia, that can quickly germinate and penetrate the cuticle. We investigated whether there is a difference in reliance on social and innate immunity in two closely related subterranean termites for protection from fatal infections by two locally encountered Metarhizium species. Our results indicate that relatively weak innate immunity in one termite species is compensated by more sustained allogrooming. This includes enhanced allogrooming in response to concentrations of conidia that reflect more routine contamination of the cuticle as well as to heavy cuticular contamination that elicits a networked emergency response.
Introduction: Hypertensive disorders are common complications of pregnancy. Thorough macroscopic and microscopic examination of the placenta provides much insight into the prenatal health of the baby and the mother. Objectives: 1. To study the morphological changes in the placenta in pregnant mothers. 2. Comparative study of morphological changes in the placenta among hypertensive and normotensive pregnant mothers. Methods: An Observational Prospective Cohort Study was performed. Detail clinical history taken and placentae were collected from both 40 hypertensive and 40 normotensive mother's delivered in labour room or operation theatre. Both macroscopical and histopathological examination was done. Findings were recorded and analyzed statistically. Results: The comparison of placental diameter, placental thickness, mean placental weight, placental volume, placental surface area between hypertensive and normotensive group showed statistically significant difference (p value < 0.05). Incidence of placental haematoma, infarction, basement membrane thickening of villi and syncytial knot in hypertensive group was 20%, 27.5%, 50% and 92.5% & in normotensive group was 5%, 10%, 12 % and 60% respectively. All cases in hypertensive group had placental fibrinoid necrosis of villi in comparison to 57.5% cases in normotensive group (p < 0.05). For fibrosis of villi and cytotrophoblatic proliferation p value was < 0.05 which was statistically significant. Conclusion: Effects of hypertensive disorder in pregnancy reflect in gross and microscopic findings of placenta which may contribute to the further management of mother and baby.
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