Overcoming Immune Deficiency with Allogrooming

Abstract

Allogrooming appears to be essential in many social animals for protection from routine exposure to parasites. In social insects, it appears to be critical for the removal of pathogenic propagules from the cuticle before they can start an infectious cycle. For subterranean termites, this includes fungal spores commonly encountered in the soil, such as Metarhizium conidia, that can quickly germinate and penetrate the cuticle. We investigated whether there is a difference in reliance on social and innate immunity in two closely related subterranean termites for protection from fatal infections by two locally encountered Metarhizium species. Our results indicate that relatively weak innate immunity in one termite species is compensated by more sustained allogrooming. This includes enhanced allogrooming in response to concentrations of conidia that reflect more routine contamination of the cuticle as well as to heavy cuticular contamination that elicits a networked emergency response.

Transcriptomics Reveals the Killing Mechanism by Which Entomopathogenic Fungi Manipulate the RNA Expression Profiles of Termites and Provides Inspiration for Green Pest Management

“…Hence, it is expected that fungal disease outbreaks would easily occur in termite colonies. However, unlike solitary insects, termites and other social insects (i.e., ants, bees, and wasps) depend on their complex social organizations for cooperative behavioral and physiological defenses to protect their public health. , For example, they can take special care of contaminated nestmates, − remove corpses for placement in the colony graveyard, , and place food waste in the garbage dump . These insects can also immunize themselves by social transfer of low-level infections [active immunization] , or immune substances [passive immunization]. , When a sufficient number of nestmates are immunized, herd immunity is reached, providing a wall of defense against pathogens .…”