The study investigated the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of a Nigerian Polyherbal Health Tonic tea aqueous extract (PHT) in rodents of both sexes. 100 -500 mg kg -1 of the aqueous extract was administered via the intra-peritoneal (i.p.) and oral (p.o.) routes to 5 groups of mice using tail immersion, tail clip, formalin and acetic acid -induced writhing tests of experimental nociceptive models. Each of the models showed that PHT possesses a significant (p<0.05) anti-nociceptive effects which were peripherally and centrally mediated as both the early and late phases of pain significantly (p<0.05) were inhibited. However, the peripherally mediated analgesic effect of PHT, although similar to that of aspirin but was found to be more potent than aspirin. In assessing its anti-inflammatory potentials, 300 -1340 mg kg -1 PHT was also administered via oral and intraperitoneal routes, which, significantly (p<0.05) reduced the volume of carrageenan-induced oedema. Although, PHT administered via i.p. route was more effective than the oral but there was barely any difference between the percentage inhibition of oedema volume at both 600 and 1340 mg kg -1 given orally. PHT anti-inflammatory effect was elucidated to be significantly (p<0.05) mediated via histaminergic, serotonergic, bradykinin and prostaglandin inhibition. PHT was also shown to be more protective than acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in the castor oil-induced diarrhea model, which suggests the involvement of other mechanisms. Thus, lending supports to its folkloric use in pain and swelling management.
Background: Nigeria is a signatory to the Abuja Declaration on allocation of 15% of the national budget to health and World Health Organization declarations that call on countries to allocate at least 2% of the national health expenditure to research. This review estimated the percentage share allocation of Nigeria's national budget to health and health research. Method: This is a documentary review of the national budget and research literature on healthcare financing in Nigeria and South Africa, Africa's largest economies. No date restrictions were placed on the searches except the special focus on the national treasury reports and annual institutional financial reports published between 2012 and 2018. We searched nine electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Cochrane library, Academic Search Complete, Google and Google Scholar and HINARI) and, national treasury Databases of Nigeria and South Africa with search terms that included public health financing. Results: Nigeria's total budget increased by 83% from N4.7 trillion (USD13.1 billion) in 2012 to N8.6 trillion (USD23.9 billion) with a corresponding 26% increase in health allocation and 55.4% growth in health research allocation between 2012 and 2018. In contrast, South Africa's total budget increased by 57.5% from R1.06 trillion (USD74.3 billion) in 2012 to R1.67 trillion (USD117.1 billion) with a corresponding 68.4% increase in health allocation that fluctuated between R122 billion (USD8.6 billion) and R205.4 billion (USD14.4 billion) in the same period. The percentage increase in health research allocation for South Africa was 69.3% in the same period. While South Africa with near universal health coverage (UHC) allocated an average of 11.7% and 1.2% to health and health research respectively in 2012-2018, Nigeria allocated only an average of 5.0% and 0.74% to health and health research respectively in the same period with no trajectory towards achieving the 15% and 2% targets. Conclusions: Findings underscore very poor health sector and health research funding in Nigeria and still far from meeting the targets of international declarations in contrast to SA. Realizing the pivotal role of a strong health research base, substantial increase in health and health research budget allocations to meet the 15% and 2% targets respectively are required to achieve and sustain UHC and improved health outcomes in Nigeria by 2030.
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