We investigated plasticity of language networks exposed to slowly evolving brain damage. Single subject 0-15-water language activation positron emission tomography studies were analyzed in 61 right-handed patients with brain tumors of the left hemisphere, and 12 normal controls. In controls, activations were found in left Brodmann's Area (BA)44 and BA45, superior posterior temporal gyrus bilaterally, and right cerebellum. Patients additionally activated left BA46, BA47, anterior insula, and left cerebellum. Superior temporal activation was less frequent, and activations in areas other than posterior temporal gyrus were found bilaterally. Frontolateral activations within the nondominant hemisphere were only seen in patients (63%) with frontal or posterior temporal lesions. Laterality indices of frontolateral cortex showed reversed language dominance in 18% of patients. Laterality indices of the cerebellum were negatively correlated with language performance. Two compensatory mechanisms in patients with slowly evolving brain lesions are described: An intrahemispheric mechanism with recruitment of left frontolateral regions other than classic language areas; and an interhemispheric compensatory mechanism with frontolateral activation in the nondominant hemisphere. The latter one was only found in patients with frontal or posterior temporal lesions, thus supporting the hypothesis that right frontolateral activations are a disinhibition phenomenon.

What distinguishes the recall of real-life experiences from that of self-created, fictitious emotionally laden information? Both kinds of information belong to the episodic memory system. Autobiographic memories constitute that part of the episodic memory system that is composed of significant life episodes, primarily of the distant past. Functional imaging was used to study the neural networks engaged in retrieving autobiographic and fictitious information of closely similar content. The principally activated brain regions overlapped considerably and constituted temporal and inferior prefrontal regions plus the cerebellum. Selective activations of the right amygdala and the right ventral prefrontal cortex (at the level of the uncinate fascicle interconnnecting prefrontal and temporopolar areas) were found when subtracting fictitious from autobiographic retrieval. Furthermore, distinct foci in the left temporal lobe were engaged. These data demonstrate that autobiographic memory retrieval uses (at least in non-brain damaged individuals) a network of right hemispheric ventral prefrontal and temporopolar regions and left hemispheric lateral temporal regions. It is concluded that it is the experiential character, its special emotional infiltration and its arousal which distinguishes memory of real-life from that of fictitious episodes. Consequently, our results point to the engagement of a bi-hemispheric network in which the right temporo-prefrontal hemisphere is likely to be responsible for the affective/arousal side of information retrieval and the left-hemispheric temporal gyrus for its engram-like representation. Portions of the neural activation found during retrieval might, however, reflect re-encoding processes as well.

Objective: Th oracentesis is the first investigation to be performed in a patient with lung cancer and pleural eff usion. Th e diagnostic yield of conventional smear studies varies in the first thoracentesis. In this study, we aimed to investigate if the cell block method increases the diagnostic yield in exudative pleural eff usions accompanying lung cancer. Material and Method:Forty patients with lung cancer and exudative pleural eff usions were included. Ten mililiters of fresh pleural fl uid was obtained by thoracentesis from all patients in the initial evaluation. Th e pleural fl uid sample was divided into two equal parts. One part was subjected to conventional smear and the other to the cell block method. Conventional smears were stained with May-Grünwald-Giemsa and Hematoxylin-Eosin. Cell block sections were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and mucicarmine. Conventional smear findings were grouped as "benign cytology" or "malignant cytology". Th e cell block sections were evaluated for the presence of single tumor cells, acinary or papillary pattern, solid islands and staining with mucicarmine.Results: Th ere were 20 patients each in the benign and malignant conventional smear group. In the benign group, adding the cell block method to conventional smear provided a diagnosis of malignancy in 4 more patients and the diagnosis of malignant eff usion was increased by a ratio of 10% (4/40). In the malignant group, adding the cell block technique provided the subtyping of lung cancer as adenocarcinoma in 7 patients (7/20, 35%). Conclusion:Our study confirms that the cell block method combined with conventional smear increases the diagnostic yield in exudative pleural eff usions accompanying lung cancer.Key Words: Lung carcinoma, Pleural eff usion, Cytology, Cytological Techniques ÖZ Amaç: Torasentez, plevra sıvısı olan akciğer kanserli bir hastada yapılması gereken ilk incelemedir. İlk torasentezde yapılan konvensiyonel sitolojik incelemelerin tanı başarısı değişkendir. Bu çalışmada, eksudatif plevra sıvısı olan akciğer kanserli hastalarda, hücre bloğu yönteminin tanıyı artırıp artırmağını araştırmayı amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntem:Eksudatif plevral sıvısı olan 40 akciğer kanserli hasta çalışmaya alındı. Tanı aşamasında her hastadan torasentezle 10 ml plevra sıvısı alındı. Sıvı iki eşit parçaya ayrıldı. Bir kısım konvansiyonel sitoloji için kullanılırken diğer kısımdan hücre bloğu yapıldı. Konvansiyonel yaymalar May-Grünwald-Giemsa ve Hematoksilen-Eosin ile boyandı. Hücre bloğu kesitleri Hematoksilen-Eosin ve musikarmin ile boyandı. Konvansiyonel sitoloji bulguları "benign sitoloji" ve "malign sitoloji" olarak gruplandı. Sitoblok kesitleri tek tümör hücresi, asiner, papiller patern, solid ada varlığı, musikarmin ile boyanma açısından değerlendirildi. Bulgular:Benign ve malign konvansiyonel sitoloji grubunun her birinde 20'şer hasta vardı. Benign konvansiyonel sitoloji grubunda, konvensiyonel sitolojiye ek olarak sitoloblok yapılması 4 hastaya daha malignite tanısı konmasını sağlayarak, malign sıvı tanısını ...

The presence of distant metastasis is more predictive of survival than PET nodal status in MPM patients. PET/CT has the potential to provide prognostic information in MPM patients and there was a good correlation between overall survival and volume-based PET parameters. Determination of BM uptake may contribute toward the prediction of patient outcome with other quantitative PET parameters.

Presence of leukocytosis, advanced disease stages, supportive therapy alone, and higher MAI were found to be negative prognostic factors in patients with MPM.

Severe cases of COVID-19 are being reported in patients with comorbidities and drug-induced immunosuppression. The risk seems to depend on the type of immunosuppressive agents used, and it is particularly high with rituximab because of its long-lasting effects. We report a 71-year-old man with COVID-19, mantle cell lymphoma, and rituximab-associated immunodeficiency. His COVID-19 clinical course was severe, unremitting, prolonged, and with frequent acute exacerbations requiring hospitalization. Viral shedding and failure to develop anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies continued for at least 6 months.

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Subjects and methods: This article analyzes the scope of the rules that form the legal field Public Health Law and examines its characteristics. It further reviews the relationship between law and public health practice and analyzes the legal basis of public health. The article also examines the roles of the legal actors in public health practice and their means. Results: Law grants the necessary powers to the states and governments, and law also distributes these powers among the state institutions. Law and Public health build an important relationship in the interest of the population’s health. Based on law and on legal authorization, states establish and fund public health agencies and bestow them with powers vis-à-vis citizens to pursue public health goals. A number of legal fields can be found that aim to protect and promote the public's health. The entirety of these legal fields build the superordinate field "Public Health Law." Public health law can be defined as the sum of all legal rules that directly or indirectly aim to safeguard or promote the population's health. These rules may result from statutory law, administrative regulations and acts, customary law and common law. Conclusions: Law is essential for the infrastructure and functioning of public health. The legal basis of public health is rooted in the basic rights of the people to health, safety and life. Based on these basic rights, the people and the population they form have the right to self-defense. In states, people mandate the state and the state powers to safeguard and promote their health. Therefore, the population’s basic right to health, safety and life, and their corresponding right to self-defense are the basis and justification for the general existence of public health activities of states. Public health is a duty of the state vis-à-vis the people from whom all state powers derive