Background: Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is important for reducing hospitalization and mortalities. Both Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) and the Oxford-AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) vaccines are used in Saudi Arabia and in many parts of the world. Post-vaccinal side effects were recorded, so we aimed to screen different complaints after vaccination among vaccinees in Saudi Arabia.Methods: An online questionnaire was designed to screen the local, systemic, and allergic post vaccination reactions for vaccinees who received either one or two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine or one dose of the ChAdOx1 vaccine. The number and percentage were recorded for each response and analyzed using cross-tab and Chi square tests. The degree of the severity of post vaccination reactions were analyzed using Roc curve. The cofactors that may affect the severity of post-vaccinal reactions including previous COVID-19 infection, age, sex, body mass index, and comorbidities were investigated.Results: During our study, 4,170 individuals reported their responses: 2,601 received one dose of BNT162b2, of whom 456 completed the second dose, and 1,569 received a single dose of ChAdOx1. The side effects were reported in 85.6% of BNT162b2 vaccinees and 96.05% of ChAdOx1 vaccinees who voluntarily responded to a survey about post-vaccination side effects. The side effects were more severe in BNT162b2 than ChAdOx1. ChAdOx1 vaccinees reported mild, moderate, severe and critical side effects in 30.13, 28.62, 29.73, and 1.53%, respectively. In contrast, mild side effects were recorded among the majority of BNT162b2 vaccinees (63.92%) while moderate, severe, and critical side effects were 27.67, 7.68, and 0.72%, respectively. Both local and systemic side effects were recorded more frequently in ChAdOx1 in comparison to BNT162b2 vaccinees. Palpitation was among the new systemic side effects reported in the current study in high frequency. Abnormal menstrual cycle (delaying/increase hemorrhages or pain) was also reported in 0.98% (18/1846) of Pfizer-BioNTech and 0.68% (7/1028) of ChAdOx1 vaccinees, while deep vein thrombosis was only reported in a single case vaccinated with BNT162b2 vaccine.Conclusion: Both vaccines induced post-vaccinal side effects; however, ChAdOx1 induces a higher frequency of post-vaccinal systemic side effects than BNT162b2.

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In this paper, we evaluate the performance of NOMA system in downlink scenario over a well-known generalized fading channel called α−η−μ in terms of the Average Bit Error Rate (ABER). The exact closed-forms of Average Bit Error Rate (ABER) for two NOMA users case are obtained in this work in order to study the significant of different fading parameters such as the non-linearity (α), the different power between the in-phase and quadrature components of the signal (η), and the amount of multipath clusters (μ). Therefore, the Bit Error Rate (BER) of BPSK modulation technique is averaged by the probability of density function (PDF) of frequency flat fading channel modelled by α−η−μ fading distribution. This work is being validated via a Monte Carlo Simulation to show the correction of the analytical derivations. However, this particular generalized fading channel can introduce other non-homogeneous attributes of the transmission medium such as Rayleigh, Weibull, Nakagami-m, α−η, α−μ fading channel models as special cases, which makes it more essential and worthy to be investigated.Index Terms-Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), Average Bit Error Rate (ABER), α−η−μ fading channels.

GenderMale Female 1508 ) 43.6( 1948 )56.4( 167 )11.1( 133 )6.8( 327 )21.7( 419 )21.5( 1014 )67.2( 1396 )71.7( <0.001 )20.055( Marital status Married Unmarried 1444 )41.8( 2012 )58.2( 92 )6.4( 208 )10.3( 325 )22.5( 421 )20.9( 1027 )71.1( 1383 )68.7( <0.001 )16.899( Nationality Saudi Not Saudi 3327 )96.3( 129 )3.7( 288 )8.7( 12 )9.3( 726 )21.8( 20 )15.5( 2313 )69.5( 97 )75.2( 0.231 )2.929( Education High school or lower Bachelor or higher education 1063 )30.8( 2393 )69.2( 53 )5.0( 247 )10.3( 230 )21.6( 516 )21.6( 780 )73.4( 1630 )68.1( <0.001 )27.066( Occupation Employed Unemployed Student 1053 )30.5( 711 )20.6( 1692 )49.0( 87 )8.3( 32 )4.5( 181 )10.7( 227 )21.6( 148 )20.8( 371 )21.9( 739 )70.2( 531 )74.7( 1140 )67.4( <0.001 )26.615( Income <5000 5000-10000 >10000 1942 )56.2( 604 )17.5( 910 )26.3( 158 )8.1( 51 )8.4( 91 )10.0( 399 )20.5( 132 )21.9( 215 )23.6( 1385 )71.3( 421 )69.7( 604 )66.4( 0.114 )7.449( Smoking Absent Present 2919 )84.5( 537 )15.5( 236 )8.1( 64 )11.9( 642 )22.0( 104 )19.4( 2041 )69.9( 369 )68.7( 0.010 )9.222( Chronic disease Absent Present 2996 )86.7( 460 )13.3( 259 )8.6( 41 )8.9( 638 )21.3( 108 )23.5( 2099 )70.1( 311 )67.6( 0.533 )1.257(

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<div>This work presents a performance analysis on cooperative non-orthogonal multiple accesses (C-NOMA) when assisted with energy harvesting enabled unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) decode-and-forward (DF) relaying. In particular, two scenarios are considered, an outdoor-indoor one, where the NOMA signal propagates through outdoor-to-indoor, and a conventional outdoor scenario where the channel gains follow a k-u generalized fading model. The objectives of this work is to analyze the downlink performance of this C-NOMA system and derive closed-form expressions for the outage probability (OP), ergodic capacity (EC), throughput and energy efficiency (EE) for the users assuming imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC). In particular, the OP approach considers the individual users’ rate where it is required to satisfy certain quality of service (QoS) requirements. The results provide insights into the considered performance metrics relative to key parameters such as power allocation, power splitting factor, fading parameters, and residual interference. Extensive simulations results are presented to validate the accuracy of the derived expressions.</div>

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The quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE) metrics are vital performance indicators in cellular systems. This article presents an analytical study on indoor non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems empowered by intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS) in generalized κ − µ fading channels. In particular, we consider the network's QoS through various performance metrics such as outage probability (OP), ergodic capacity (EC), average bit error rate (BER), and system throughput, for which we derive exact and asymptotic closed-form expressions. Furthermore, in contrast to measuring the conventional QoE of a user, we propose to apply the mean score opinion (MOS) factor, in which the objective technical criterion is mutated into a subjective user-recognized quality. To quantify this, a MOSbased QoE evaluation model is applied to an interactive web browsing service. The results demonstrate the impact of IRS on the QoS and QoE of the indoor NOMA users, as well as the effect of manipulating the channel fading components, power allocation coefficients, and path loss factors. It will be shown that careful manipulation of such parameters, coupled with the use of IRS, produces spectacular improvements in system performance. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to corroborate the accuracy of the derived analytical results.INDEX TERMS Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), quality of service (QoS), quality of experience (QoE), and intelligent reflecting surface (IRS).