Background: The published rates of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) in Saudi Arabia were derived from single-centre studies or nationally non-representative studies. Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate CAUTI rates and urinary catheter utilisation (UCU) ratios in 99 Saudi Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals from all regions. Methods: A prospective surveillance study was conducted in 15 different types of intensive care units (ICUs) between January 2018 and December 2019. The data were entered into the Health Electronic Surveillance Network (HESN) programme. The methods of the US National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) centre for infection control were used. Results: During 2 years of surveillance covering 919,615 patient-days and 573,720 urinary catheter days, a total of 965 CAUTI events were identified. The overall MOH CAUTI rate was 1.68 (95%confidence interval (CI) 1.58–1.79) per 1,000 urinary catheter days, and the overall UCU was 0.624 (95%CI 0.623–0.625). CAUTI rates were highest in paediatric medical (5.73) and adult medical (2.02) ICUs. UCU were highest in neurosurgical (0.795) and medical surgical (0.743) ICUs. CAUTI standardised infection ratios across different ICUs in Saudi MOH hospitals were 16% lower than NHSN hospitals, 47% lower than GCC hospitals and 69% lower than International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) hospitals. Urinary catheter standardised utilisation ratios across different ICUs in Saudi MOH hospitals were 15% higher than NHSN hospitals, 9% higher than INICC hospitals and 13% lower than GCC hospitals. Conclusions: The current study is a unique national CAUTI benchmark that can potentially help in the fight against healthcare-associated infection.
The aim of this paper is to examine the relevance and significance of critical incident analysis technique to examine theissues faced by the individuals with learning disabilities. For this purpose, a narrative incident experienced by a teacherfor individuals with learning disability has been examined and evaluated to address the identified research aim. Basedon the overall findings and the examination of the incident, it has been concluded that the core issues aggravating thesocial exclusion of the children with learning disabilities are the prejudices and stereotypes attached by the people withsuch students, which not only restricts their social freedom and independence and acceptance in the society but alsoprevents their personal and social growth in the society.
Background: Shade selection is an essential system to give patients an aesthetics renovation that correspondently merges to the patient's current dentition. Moreover, natural teeth are acknowledged to have various shades in their surfaces. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the awareness of knowledge, attitude and practice about the complications in shade selection and to utilize for improving the quality of training being imparted in the dental school and general practitioners. Methods and Material: Participants were divided into six Groups: operative dentist and endodontist, 3rd Year students, 4th Year students, 5th Year students, Intern and VI-General practitioners; 20 Questionnaire survey forms were distributed to fill among all the groups. Results: The results that the highest proportion was 41% for skill factor, knowledge was the second with 26%. Whilst, individual observer was 13.5% and 12.6% for the factor talent. 4.5% for (All) the factors. The lowest proportion was for more than two answers. Conclusion and Recommendation:The need of flourishing of cosmetic dentistry required to keep with up-todate information considering all conceivable factors which influence shade selection.
Purpose: The paper undertakes a critical assessment of the use of smartphone apps for transportation by people with intellectual disabilities. Although apps for transportation such as Uber and Careem have been developed to assist people with disabilities and have numerous benefits, people with intellectual disabilities tend to encounter their own set of difficulties in accessing these apps. Materials and method: This paper presents the research findings drawn from a focus group discussion conducted with nine people with moderate to mild intellectual disabilities in Riyadh, by using a qualitative study focussed on the interpretative paradigm. Results: From the interview findings, some relevant themes were identified. These were: transportation issues encountered by people with intellectual disabilities, the extent and manner of the use of smartphone apps for transportation, the benefits enjoyed by those individuals in using smartphone apps for transportation and the difficulties encountered by them. Conclusions: The paper also discusses the implications for practice and presents some useful recommendations, including the need for family support and government assistance. ä IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Smartphone apps introduced specifically for transportation can be extensively supportive for individuals with intellectual disabilities prominently in terms of ease of use, low cost and flexible navigation. It is found that smartphone apps for transportation have been contributory in fulfilling the mobility requirements of intellectually disabled people. Transportation apps like Careem and Uber are very much popular in Saudi Arabia, specifically among people with intellectual disabilities. Such people frequently use the apps and are happy with their key attributes in addressing their transportation issues. The apps can be further promoted by responsible authorities for facilitating people having intellectual disabilities with strengthened and easy access to learning and working opportunities. Further research studies can be organized with a focus on determining creative ways in which technology integration can play a role in improving the mobility and fostering social inclusion of persons with intellectual disabilities. Government authorities can impose policies and measures for safeguarding the rights of this particular group and advancing awareness among society members for collectively working towards their well-being.
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