Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) have been hypothesized to be associated with interpersonal problems. Furthermore, a stronger contention is that EMSs impact negatively on, or cause, interpersonal problems. The aims of this meta-analysis were (a) to assess the strength of the association between EMSs and interpersonal problems, (b) clarify which EMSs are most strongly associated with interpersonal problems, (c) examine any possible moderators on the relationship between EMSs and interpersonal problems, and (d) examine whether any empirical evidence exists supporting a causal relationship between EMSs and interpersonal problems. A comprehensive systematic literature search and meta-analysis were conducted using the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. A total of 49 empirical studies were reviewed investigating EMSs and interpersonal problems. EMSs were found to have a moderate positive association with interpersonal problems with different EMSs having small to moderate effect sizes. To date, there has been limited evidence supporting a causal effect of EMSs on interpersonal problems. Possible limitations and avenues for future research were discussed. K E Y W O R D S early maladaptive schema, interpersonal dysfunction, interpersonal problems, interpersonal relationships

Despite extensive evidence relating attachment dimensions to maladaptive interpersonal behaviours and dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies, few studies have explored social anxiety in the context of adult attachment dimensions. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether attachment-related anxiety and avoidance are associated with symptoms of social anxiety and whether cognitive emotion regulation strategies (reappraisal and suppression) play a role in the relationship between adult attachment and social anxiety. A sample of 253 adults (male n = 47, 18.6%; female n = 202, 79.8%; gender not disclosed n = 4, 1.6%) ranging in age from 18 to 74 years (M = 33.12, SD = 11.56) completed an online questionnaire that consisted of the Experience in Close Relationships–Revised Questionnaire (ECR-R); The Inventory of Interpersonal Situations Discomfort scale (IIS-D); and The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Results indicated that both attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance have a direct effect on indices of social anxiety symptomology. Reappraisal partially mediated the relationship between attachment anxiety and social anxiety. However, the relationship between attachment avoidance and social anxiety was not mediated by the use of reappraisal and suppression. Findings of the study have implications for the development of clinical interventions targeting mediators of psychological distress associated with social anxiety.

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This study develops the methodological framework advanced in Rock, Baynes, and Casey's (2005) experimental study of ostensibly shamanic journeying imagery in naïve participants. Specifically, the present study experimentally investigates the impact of the word landscape, featured in Harner's (1990) shamanic journeying to the Lower World instructions, on the number of landscape‐related images reported; examines the origins of ostensibly shamanic journeying images; and maps the phenomenological state effects of shamanic journeying to the Lower World. Sixtyeight naïve participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: either the original or a revised version of Harner's (1990) instructions coupled with monotonous percussion drumming at 8 beats‐per‐second for 15 minutes, or sitting quietly with eyes open for 15 minutes. Each participant's subjective experience was retrospectively assessed using the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory (PCI) (Pekala 1991) and a mental imagery checklist. Subsequently, participants were administered the Modified Affect Bridge for the purpose of exploring the origins of mental imagery experienced during the experimental conditions. The results indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between conditions with regard to the number of ostensibly shamanic journeying images reported, but not between treatment conditions with regard to the number of landscaperelated images reported. There were no significant relationships between condition and mental imagery derived from autobiographical memories. There were statistically significant differences between conditions with regard to the PCI dimensions of fear, altered state of awareness, and arousal.

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Although essential to professional competence in psychology, quantitative research methods are a known area of weakness for many undergraduate psychology students. Students find selecting appropriate statistical tests and procedures for different types of research questions, hypotheses and data types particularly challenging, and these skills are not often practiced in class. Decision trees (a type of graphic organizer) are known to facilitate this decision making process, but extant trees have a number of limitations. Furthermore, emerging research suggests that mobile technologies offer many possibilities for facilitating learning. It is within this context that we have developed StatHand, a free cross-platform application designed to support students’ statistical decision making. Developed with the support of the Australian Government Office for Learning and Teaching, StatHand guides users through a series of simple, annotated questions to help them identify a statistical test or procedure appropriate to their circumstances. It further offers the guidance necessary to run these tests and procedures, then interpret and report their results. In this Technology Report we will overview the rationale behind StatHand, before describing the feature set of the application. We will then provide guidelines for integrating StatHand into the research methods curriculum, before concluding by outlining our road map for the ongoing development and evaluation of StatHand.

Generally, academic psychologists are mindful of the fact that, for many students, the study of research methods and statistics is anxiety provoking (Gal et al., 1997). Given the ubiquitous and distributed nature of eLearning systems (Nof et al., 2015), teachers of research methods and statistics need to cultivate an understanding of how to effectively use eLearning tools to inspire psychology students to learn. Consequently, the aim of the present paper is to discuss critically how using eLearning systems might engage psychology students in research methods and statistics. First, we critically appraise definitions of eLearning. Second, we examine numerous important pedagogical principles associated with effectively teaching research methods and statistics using eLearning systems. Subsequently, we provide practical examples of our own eLearning-based class activities designed to engage psychology students to learn statistical concepts such as Factor Analysis and Discriminant Function Analysis. Finally, we discuss general trends in eLearning and possible futures that are pertinent to teachers of research methods and statistics in psychology.

11 The majority of Grade I meningiomas behave in an indolent manner and can be completely removed by resective surgery, or their growth can be controlled by radiation therapy. A small percentage of meningiomas are Grades II and III, which have variable growth patterns and are likely to recur after initial treatment. Grade III meningiomas are considered to be anaplastic (malignant) and warrant aggressive management. Unfortunately, there are limited treatment options beyond surgery and radiation for patients with Grades II and III meningiomas. In many patients the Grade II meningioma will gradually convert to Grade III. Initial treatment(s) will fail in most patients with Grade III meningiomas, and they will ultimately succumb to recurrent and progressive tumor. In this report, we present an encouraging case of a patient who-after 5 intracranial surgeries and 3 stereotactic radiation treatments for malignant meningioma-has had stable disease for 3.5 years following the initiation of octreotide therapy. We also review the current treatment options for recurrent malignant meningioma. case report History and ExaminationIn 1994, a 35-year-old woman presented with worsening seizures and was found to have a right frontal mass, which was embolized and subsequently resected. Histological examination demonstrated a proliferation of relatively uniform, bland meningothelial cells that were frequently arranged as the characteristic whorls ( Fig. 1). At most, we identified 2 mitoses per 10 hpf (magnification ×400). A thin rim of brain tissue was present and did not show invasion by the meningioma. Per the 2007 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System guidelines, 11 this tumor was consistent with the diagnosis of a Grade I meningioma. In 1998, the patient experienced a small recurrence that was treated by Gamma Knife radiosurgery with 16 Gy to the 90% isodose line. Subsequent progression at the treated site led to additional radiosurgery in 2002 (16 Gy to the 15% isodense line) and 2004 (15 Gy to the 40% isodense line).In 2008, the tumor continued to progress and was noted primarily on the right side of the falx and extending slightly across the midline, occluding the sagittal sinus ( Fig. 2A). The next intervention was embolization followed by resection leading to minimal residual tumor at the posterior aspect of the involved sagittal sinus (Fig. 2B). Histological examination revealed an atypical meningioma (WHO Grade II; Fig. 2C) with marked cytological atypia, up to 6 mitoses per 10 hpf, and a Ki 67 labeling index of approximately 30% in the most active areas. Repeat MRI 2 months postoperatively demonstrated an increased size of the residual tumor. Stereotactic radiation was recomabbreviatioNs PBS = phosphate-buffered saline; SST = somatostatin receptor. submitted October 1, 2014. accepted January 28, 2015. iNclude wheN citiNg Published online August 14, 2015; DOI: 10.3171/2015.1.JNS142260. disclosure The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials or methods used in this study or the ...