“…Although mediumship has been examined scientifically by such great minds as William James and Oliver Lodge since the 1880s (reviewed in Blum, 2006), the current body of research involving mediumship (reviewed in Rock, 2014) includes studies of the accuracy of mediums' statements under controlled conditions (e.g., Beischel, Biuso, Boccuzzi, & Rock, 2011;Beischel & Schwartz, ASSISTED ADC AND BEREAVEMENT / 177 2007; Kelly & Arcangel, 2011;Roy & Robertson, 2004) as well as examinations of their psychology (e.g., Roxburgh & Roe, 2011), physiology (e.g., Beischel, 2013a, Chapter 5), phenomenology (e.g., Beischel & Rock, 2009), and neurobiology (e.g., Hageman, Peres, Moreira-Almeida, Caixeta, Wichramasekera, & Krippner, 2010). This research has demonstrated that certain mediums are able to report accurate and specific information about the deceased using research protocols that eliminate fraud, cold reading, and similar "sensory" explanations for the source of their information (e.g., Beischel, 2007).…”