Gall (Trioza rusellae Tuthill) insect identification in AbstractT he insect Trioza rusellae Tuthill (Hemiptera-Triozidae) produces galls on the leaves of the Ramon (Brosimum alicastrum Swartz) tree, species with high nutritional value of the Peninsula of Yucatan. The insect was isolated and identified from collections in the municipalities of Muna and Sacalum, Yucatán. Five to 10 years old trees were sampled selecting branches with leaves showing galls. The samples were placed in plastic bags and taken to the laboratory, and placed in entomological cages. Adult insects were collected using a manual vacuum, while galls were dissected to collect the nymphs directly with a brush (0001). The samples were preserved in alcohol (70 %) and in fixative formalin-alcohol-water (FAW). Nymphs and adult insects from the alcohol samples were mounted and observed on a stereoscopic microscope. The samples in FAW were processed and observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result, photographs were obtained and development phases of T. rusellae were identified by entomological keys. Resumen E l insectoTrioza rusellae Tuthill (Hemiptera-Triozidae) produce agallas en las hojas del árbol de ramón (Brosimum alicastrum Swartz), especie con alto valor nutricional de la península de Yucatán. El insecto fue aislado e identificado a partir de colectas en los municipios de Muna y Sacalum, Yucatán. Los árboles de cinco a 10 años de edad se muestrearon seleccionando ramas con hojas que presentaban agallas. Las muestras se colocaron en bolsas de plástico y se trasladaron al laboratorio confinándolas en jaulas entomológicas. Los adultos se recolectaron con un aspirador manual, mientras que las agallas se disectaron para colectar las ninfas directamente con un pincel (0001). Las muestras se conservaron en alcohol (70 %) y en fijador formol-alcohol-agua (FAA). Las ninfas y adultos de las muestras en alcohol se montaron y observaron en el microscopio estereoscópico. Las muestras en FAA se procesaron y observaron en el microscopio electrónico de barrido (MEB). Como resultado, se obtuvieron fotografías y se identificaron las fases de desarrollo de T. rusellae mediante claves entomológicas.Received: August 05, 2014 / Accepted: March 10, 2015. Palabras clave:Ramón, agallas, plaga, caracterización, microscopio electrónico de barrido.
La adaptación del cultivo de maíz a siembras tempranas requiere de mejorar su tolerancia a bajas temperaturas, en términos de capacidad de las semillas para germinar y generar plántulas que prosperen a tales temperaturas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar las variables que a nivel de semilla y plántula están involucrados en la tolerancia a bajas temperaturas de líneas e híbridos de maíz adaptados a los Valles Altos de México. Se evaluaron en condiciones de laboratorio e invernadero 17 materiales genéticos, incluidos un híbrido del trópico y una variedad sintética de condiciones templadas. Los genotipos se evaluaron en laboratorio en temperaturas de: 4, 8, 12 y 25 °C. Los materiales genéticos originarios de la zona de mayor altitud presentaron mejor tolerancia, altos porcentajes de germinación, peso seco de plúmula y radícula; además de mayor velocidad de emergencia. El peso seco de la radícula fue proporcionalmente menos afectada que la plúmula por bajas temperaturas. La respuesta de tolerancia a bajas temperaturas se indujo en los genotipos susceptibles al reducir de 8 a 4° C la temperatura. Los resultados sugieren que la prueba fría con 8° C durante 7 días previo a la inducción de la germinación puede considerarse como una prueba rápida para detectar tolerancia a bajas temperaturas.
In Mexico, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the most exported vegetable, and it is also of utmost importance in local markets; however, silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring) attacks reduce production from 30 to 70 %. Although Mexican farmers use different technologies to grow tomato plants, irregular ripening is a generalized concern for adequate yield and product quality. Previous reports on tomato irregular ripening (TIR) associate it to the presence of silverleaf whitefly and low temperatures during harvest. Silverleaf whitefly incidence and temperature effects were measured to establish a relationship to TIR at one of the largest Mexican areas of tomato production. Experiments were carried out on 16 tomato hybrids sowed at the INIFAP Experiment Station in the Culiacan Valley, Mexico. Yield and commercial fruits size were measured, as they are important factors that determine commercialization and destination market (e.g. industrial process, export or domestic market). Silverleaf whitefly incidence and temperature effects on TIR were also analyzed on the basis of yield. TIR symptoms, both temporary (TIRt) and permanent (TIRp) were observed. The term TIRt described fruits that resumed their maturation process during the storage after harvest and reached full ripening after 7 d at 25 ºC. Consistent with previous reports, it was observed that TIRt symptoms were associated to low temperatures ( ≤ 8 ºC) during early harvest dates. TIRp damaged more fruits and associated to the effect of silverleaf whitefly at high population densities (0.77 to 0.93 adults cm-2), to high temperatures during the harvest season and to susceptible tomato genotypes.
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