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In this study, cellulose and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were extracted and prepared from cassava peels (CPs). The method of the cellulose extraction was performed by alkali treatment followed by a bleaching process. The CNF were prepared by mechanical disruption procedure (homogenization and ultrasonication), and the results were compared with a common acid hydrolysis procedure. The resulting cellulose and CNF from both procedures were then analyzed using FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD, and TGA. The results show that cellulose and CNF were successfully prepared from both procedures. The physical properties of the produced CNF were different; however, they had similar chemical properties.

Due to its limiting factor of the cycle-life on Zn-polyaniline (PANI) rechargeable battery, the surface morphology and electrochemical properties have been extensively investigated. However, there are no studies that found on the chemical structure of PANI electrode before and after used in the battery with spectroscopy. Here, the Zn-PANI Battery was tested through a 60-cycle discharging process using 10 mA fixed current. The Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) at this condition was ± 1.3 V. The Raman spectra at 488 nm on PANI discharge showed increasing intensity at 1495 cm -1 υ(C=N). Furthermore, the new peak appeared on the band at 1212 cm -1 υ(N=Q=N) and 1166 cm -1 υ(C-H), related to mode on the benzenoid ring. This investigation indicated the formation of Emerald in Bases (EB), caused by the consumption of protons by Zn metal during the filling process.

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Polyaniline (PANI) is one of conducting polymers which is widely used in various applications especially energy field, like solar cells and batteries. PANI emeraldine salt (PANI ES) is the only type of conducting PANI which can be easily synthesized using a direct mixing method in an oxidizing solution. Ammonium persulfate (APS) is one example of a strong oxidizing agent which is often used in PANI synthesis. The APS concentrations used in this study ranged from 0.1 to 1 M. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy shows that the addition of APS concentrations above 0.5 M produces the non-conducting fully oxidized PANI and phenazine species. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed morphological changes of PANI ES from nanofiber (diameter 80 - 110 nm) to granules (diameter 20 - 70 nm) as APS concentration increases. Based on Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), conductivity of PANI increases as APS concentration increases with maximum conductivity of 0.36 S cm−1 at 0.5 M.

Polyaniline (PANI) is a conductive polymer that has been studied intensively due to its high conductivity, ease of synthesis, fascinating doping mechanism, and a broad spectrum of applications. Polyaniline doped...