Objectives: To assess the awareness of diabetic patients about diabetic retinopathy. Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Ophthalmology Department, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from April 2018 to April 2019, and comprised diabetic patients of either gender aged 21-80 years. A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic, diabetes and diabetic retinopathy characteristics. Fundoscopic examination was done, and the presence and stage of diabetic retinopathy were documented. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Results: Of the 132 subjects, 9(6.8%) were male and 123(93.2%) were females. The majority 64(48.5%) was aged 61-80 years. Overall, 74(56.1%) patients were aware that diabetes could affect their eyes, 57(43.2%) were never diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy, 76(57.6%) had gained information about diabetic retinopathyfrom ophthalmologists, 61(46.2%) and 29(22%) respondents reported that eyes should be examined ‘only when vision is affected’ and ‘every 6 months’ respectively, 98(74.2%) said the biggest barrier in getting eyes examined earlier was ‘lack of knowledge’, 23(17.4%) believed surgery was done for diabetic retinopathy treatment and 33(25%) believed that surgery, laser and injections all can be used. Significant relationship of diabetic retinopathy was found with duration of diabetes and the general health status (p<0.05). Conclusion: Though more than half the patients were aware that diabetes could affect the eyes, awareness of diabetic retinopathy and its consequences was low. Key Words: Awareness, Diabetes mellitus, Diabetic retinopathy, Continuous...
Purpose: This study aims to describe the forms of Arabic language interference on terminologies in the domains of science, technology, and art. Methodology: The study was conducted morphophonologically using descriptive-analytical research methods. The descriptive-analytic research method was used to facilitate the achievement of goals specified in this study. The data findings were reviewed using the distributional method. Main Findings: The study found that language interference is an aspect of vocabulary development and enrichment, which requires harmonization of speech sounds. The results showed that in the Arabic language, interference produced partial absorption and full absorption. Phonologically, partial absorption occurred through the absorption of sound elements at the beginning or end of a word. Applications: Understanding the issue of language transfer in the development of Arabic vocabulary is useful for non- native Arabic speakers. The findings can also help Arabic teachers revise their teachings methods accordingly. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study contributed to a better understanding of the forms of phonological interference of foreign languages into the Arabic language. These forms can be represented as partial absorption, total absorption, and sound change. While in morphological forms, interference causes different developments of word patterns from classical Arabic.
In distributed power generation systems, grid-connected inverters are becoming an attractive means of delivering the energy generated from renewable sources into the grid. However, the performance of the current controller drastically decreases in the presence of model uncertainty, grid harmonics, filter parametric, and grid impedance variations, which can jeopardize the entire system’s stability. This paper presents a novel design of a super-twisting integral sliding mode control (ST-ISMC) strategy for the first time in the application of a three-phase voltage source grid-connected inverter. The designed controller has shown robustness and maintains a low total harmonic distortion (THD) in the presence of filter parameters drift, grid impedance variation, and grid harmonics distortion. The super-twisting action is added to remove the chattering problem associated with the conventional SMC strategy, and integral action is adopted to improve the grid’s current steady-state error. The modeling and simulation of a complete system are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Finally, a real-world hardware prototype system is fabricated to demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed controller.
The problem in this research is how the form of the phatic category, function of the phatic category in communication, and distribution of the phatic category in sentences. The study aims to describe the phatic category in Sasak language, function of phatic category in Sasak language, and distribution of phatic category in Sasak language. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive. The data source is Sasak film entitled "Kanak Pondok" and the data taken from nine episodes with different titles. Based on the results of the study, there are seventeen data, which are ""astagfirullah". There are three forms of phatic category, they are particles, word, and phrases phatic. The phatic categories have different functions when used in communication, such as said pique, distrust, emphasis on something, start a conversation, maintain the conversation, rejected, emphasize the partner mistakes, amazement, proof, impossibility, sincerity, and shock. The distribution of phatic categories was in the beginning, middle, and the end of the sentence. AbstrakPermasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana bentuk kategori fatis, fungsi kategori fatis dalam komunikasi, dan distribusi kategori fatis dalam kalimat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkap bentuk dan fungsi kategori fatis dalam komunikasi serta distribusi kategori fatis dalam kalimat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif. Sumber data penelitian adalah film Sasak yang berjudul "Kanak Pondok" yang terdiri atas sembilan episode dengan judul yang berbeda-beda. Kajian teori yang digunakan adalah kategori fatis, bentuk kategori fatis, dan fungsi kategori fatis. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan tujuh belas data, yaitu "
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