Abstract-The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of plaque shape on blood flow through the carotid artery leading to plaque growth and rupture. For this purpose three plaque shapes were considered; trapezoidal, elliptical and triangular with same base and height measurements, thus imposing same area reduction of 30% in artery. A carotid artery model based on statistical analysis called tuning fork model was constructed. Various Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed to analyze the effect of different plaque shapes on blood flow. Comparison of simulation results for the three plaque shapes showed that trapezoidal shape has more effect on blood flow producing highest flow velocities and wall shear stresses. This fact indicates that plaques similar to trapezoidal shape may be more prone to rupture. It was also found that trapezoidal plaques created lowest wall shear stress region downstream of the plaque which may increase the fatty deposits in that area. The study suggests that patients with such plaques should be considered for surgery at an early stage of atherosclerosis to avoid cardiovascular complications.Index Terms-Atherosclerosis, computational fluid dynamics, plaques shape, stroke, wall shear stress.
Centrifugal pumps are being widely used in various industries for moving fluids that carry solids through pipelines where the need of head and flow rate is not high. Slurry erosion and cavitation are an extremely complex and not yet fully understood phenomenon that occur in centrifugal pumps; however, these undesirable phenomena can be reduced to a certain extent. Appropriate design and development of experiments is required to reasonably predict slurry erosion and cavitation. However, CFD methodology complements analytical solutions and experiments whenever testing of equipment has limitations. The current paper highlights the various slurry erosion and cavitation reduction techniques utilized by different researchers. Economic analysis conducted for a case study relevant to centrifugal pump (CP) usage in Pakistan shows that an 8% enhancement in pump efficiency can reduce the life cycle cost to about 17.6%, which could save up to USD 4281 for a single pump annually in Pakistan.
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