The importance of safe water supply to human health cannot be over emphasized. However, potable water supply to most Nigerian cities is still inadequate. This study was designed to determine households' access to potable water supply in Yenagoa, in terms of quality and quantity. To achieve this aim, 15 borehole water samples were collected from 15 neighbourhoods, which the metropolis was structured. 375 questionnaires were randomly distributed in these neighbourhoods using the systematic sampling technique. The analyses revealed that both the quality and quantity of water supply in Yenagoa were inadequate. For instance, turbidity values in all the sampled water were above the WHO 5 NTU threshold; while 7 (46.67%) samples have pH values below the WHO minimum value of 6.5, indicating acidity. Similarly, iron and lead also have 4 (26.67%) and 3 (20%) samples above the WHO thresholds of 0.3mg/l and 0.01mg/l respectively. The analyses of the quantity of water supply in Yenagoa also show that in spite of the proliferations of wells and boreholes, and the short distances to sources of major water supply, 29.28% of sampled respondents used below 20 litres of water per capita per day. This is mainly attributed to the high cost of water supply (average of N4, 500 per month) in relation to the monthly minimum national wage of N18, 000. It is therefore recommended that the State Government should as a matter of urgency revive and increase the capacity of the state water corporation to deliver potable water supply to the people at reasonable cost.
This review revealed that there are several evidences of environmental impact of urbanization in Nigeria. The linkages between urbanization process and the environment are profound that the major components of the environment-air, water and land are adversely affected by the daily anthropogenic activities of urban residence and in the process of exploiting the natural resource base. The goal of ensuring environmental sustainability is greatly threatened by urbanization, which has created several serious environmental problems, such as pollution, deforestation and wetland destruction, erosion and flooding, urban sprawl, slum and squatter settlements, heat island and aesthetic degradation that have had negative impacts on man and other living organisms in the environment. If the threats posed by urbanization in Nigeria are not adequately managed, the capacity of the environment to continuously support life may be jeopardized with dire consequences on human life.
Problems of urban environmental degradation and inadequacy of housing and basic infrastructural facilities in the Niger
For any nation to develop, three things are very critical and important; education, health and food. Citizens, particularly the workforce must be educated, healthy and well fed. If the workforce lacks any of the three, they cannot be competitive and if they are not, the country cannot develop. This realization provides the impetus for this study which aims to investigate poor users access to public health centres in Delta State, Nigeria. The sampling design adopted include a multistage sampling at two stages: first, a random sampling of public health centres and second, a stratified random sampling of 700 patients to solicit their responses on the service accessibility of public health centres in their environment. The questionnaire content was based on thirteen (13) independent variables namely: travel distance, educational status, sex, age, household size, travel cost, treatment cost, travel mode, travel time, waiting time, income, religion and perceived efficiency of public health centre services. Analysis of data was done using Multiple regression, Principal component analysis and Nearest Neighbour Analysis (NNA) as statistical tools. The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) = 0.972, confirmed that 97.2% of access to public health centres in the study area is explained by the selected independent variables. The principal component analysis showed that the four (4) most important predictor variables of service accessibility include -travel distance, travel time, waiting time and income. The study recommends re-distribution of mal-distributed public health centres in tandem with physical planning principles to minimize travel distance to
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