The following paper focuses on the Sugar industry of Pakistan and the impact of different corporate administration mechanisms on the performance of the firms operating in the industry. The paper collects data from a five year period of 2010-2015 regarding the corporate administration mechanisms of 15 listed sugar mills of the country. The paper uses different methodological tests and methods of estimation to understand the impact. As per the results, it can be evidently witnessed that the impact of corporate administration mechanisms like Chairman Duality, and board on the performance of the firms is insignificant. As only the data for a limited number of companies in the sugar mills exist, the study analyses the data of around 15 companies for a period of five to six years to understand the significant impact of corporate administration on the performance of firms.
Objectives: To find out the post-operative complications of rubber band ligation in 2nd and 3rd degree of hemorrhoids. Design: A descriptive study. Place and Duration of study: An eighteen month study with 2 months follow up (from January 2002 to June 2003), conducted in the department of surgery, Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Patients and Methods: 50 patients were selected (from OPD) in this study. We included all patients with uncomplicated, primary 2nd and 3rd degree hemorrhoids, above 12 years of age and having no co morbid disorders like diabetes, hypertension and bleeding disorders. With patient in the knee elbow or left lateral position (depending upon the choice of patient) digital rectal examination (ORE)was carried out after lubricating the finger with xylocaine jelly. Proctoscopy was done with lubricated proctoscope and exact sites of hemorrhoids localized. The hemorrhoids were ligated one by one. We did triple ligation on a single session. Results: Out of 50 patients, 21(42%) patients were suffering from 2nd degree hemorrhoids, while 29(58%) patients were having 3rd degree. 42(84%) patients were fully cured, 3(6%) developed mild pain, 1(2%) developed severe pain and 2(6%) suffered from mild bleeding while 2(6%) patients developed moderate bleeding. Conclusion: Rubber band ligation is an effective method for treating 2nd or 3rd degree hemorrhoids with no significant post-operative complications.
Corporate governance is one of the major topics under discussion from the last two decades. The knowledge is increasing with every passing day as new scandal keeps appearing in the financial world and so are the weaknesses in the CG mechanisms. This study aims to find a relationship between two major elements of CG mechanisms including (board size & composition and audit committee) and firm performance (ROE and profit margin). The sample size consists of 33 chemical companies listed on the Karachi stock exchange from 2005 to 2015. The results show a positive relationship between the variables tested in the study. The results also confirm that the theoretical notion of firms with good financial results and performance are those with better corporate governance practices.
This study was to find the impact of corporate social responsibility practices on the firm financial performance of the oil and gas sector of Pakistan. For this study, fourteen companies of the oil and gas sector, listed on the Karachi stock exchange of Pakistan were selected as samples. Secondary data has been collected covering ten years from 2010-2019. The data was collected from the annual report and state bank site of Pakistan. E-views have been used to test the impact of CSR and firm profitability. For this study four tests were used to check the significance and stationarity of data. In which include Unit Root test, Co-integration, Vector Error Correction Estimation, and Granger Causality test. On the basis of the Unit Root test results, all variables show the stationarity. According to the results of Cointegration, there is no long-run relationship between variables. According to Granger Causality results shows all variables are move to another and impact on another if CSR take dependent variable excluded net profit after tax (0.0249), net profit margin (0.9989) and total assets are (0.4841) so, in which all three variables are move to one variable that is CSR. In vector error correction estimates take a137 observations these observations shows a results about short run dynamic relationship of variables. So In overall tests are used for analysis shows significant and stationarity results and these are good for study so it means these results create a positive impact on CSR and firm performance.
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