Article original Variability of fruit physicochemical characters for three harvested woody species in Senegal: Adansonia digitata, Balanites aegyptiaca and Tamarindus indica. Abstract-Introduction. Adansonia digitata L., Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. and Tamarindus indica L. appear among the harvested fruit species most appreciated by the Sahelian Sudano populations. Their nutritional and income role is important. Nevertheless, the degradation of the ecosystem constitutes a threat to this harvested fruit resource and to the species' genetic diversity. The first stage of a domestication programme begun in Senegal consisted of characterising the species' natural variability, using a participative step aiming at the selection of accessions notable for the fruit quality. Thus, our study compared fruit of various accessions, for each of the three species. Materials and methods. The analyses related to fruit biometric characterisation, supplemented with basic chemical analyses (water, total soluble sugars and total free acidity). Results and discussion. For all the studied criteria, the data analyses showed significant differences between the accessions within each fruit tree species. For the biometric characters, a decreasing gradient variability appeared according to the sequence: Adansonia sp. towards Tamarindus sp. towards Balanites sp. The "pulp real value" criterion allowed the identification of the most notable accessions. The chemical characters had less variability than the biometric ones. Conclusions. The various studied accessions have an exploitable variability, which can be used for distributing competitive fruit tree species' varieties to the local populations, thus answering their needs and their means. Senegal / Sudano Sahelian region / Adansonia digitata / Balanites aegyptiaca / Tamarindus indica / fruits / physicochemical properties Variabilité des caractères physico-chimiques des fruits de trois espèces ligneuses de cueillette récoltés au Sénégal: Adansonia digitata, Balanites aegyptiaca et Tamarindus indica. Résumé-Introduction. Adansonia digitata L., Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. et Tamarindus indica L. figurent parmi les espèces fruitières de cueillette les plus appréciées par les populations sahélo soudaniennes. Leur rôle sur le plan nutritionnel et sur la génération de revenus est important. La dégradation des écosystèmes constitue une menace sur la ressource en fruits de cueillette et sur la diversité génétique de ces espèces. La première étape du programme de domestication mis en oeuvre au Sénégal consiste à en caractériser la variabilité naturelle, dans le cadre d'une démarche participative visant la sélection d'accessions intéressantes pour la qualité des fruits. L'objet de cette étude a été de comparer, pour chacune des espèces, les fruits de différentes accessions. Matériel et méthodes. Les analyses ont porté sur une caractérisation biométrique des fruits, complétée par une analyse chimique sommaire (eau, sucres solubles totaux, acidité libre totale). Résultats et discussion. Pour la tot...
Drylands are extensive across sub-Saharan Africa, socio-economically and ecologically important yet highly sensitive to environmental changes. Evolutionary history, as revealed by contemporary intraspecific genetic variation, can provide valuable insight into how species have responded to past environmental and population changes and guide strategies to promote resilience to future changes. The gum arabic tree (Acacia senegal) is an arid-adapted, morphologically diverse species native to the sub-Saharan drylands. We used variation in nuclear sequences (internal transcribed spacer (ITS)) and two types of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) markers (PCR-RFLP, cpSSR) to study the phylogeography of the species with 293 individuals from 66 populations sampled across its natural range. cpDNA data showed high regional and rangewide haplotypic diversity (h T(cpSSR) ¼ 0.903-0.948) and population differentiation (G ST(RFLP) ¼ 0.700-0.782) with a phylogeographic pattern that indicated extensive historical gene flow via seed dispersal. Haplotypes were not restricted to any of the four varieties, but showed significant geographic structure (G ST(cpSSR) ¼ 0.392; R ST ¼ 0.673; R ST 4R ST (permuted)), with the major division separating East and Southern Africa populations from those in West and Central Africa. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS data indicated a more recent origin for the clade including West and Central African haplotypes, suggesting range expansion in this region, possibly during the Holocene humid period. In conjunction with paleobotanical evidence, our data suggest dispersal to West Africa, and across to the Arabian Peninsula and Indian subcontinent, from source populations located in the East African region during climate oscillations of the Plio-Pleistocene.
Resume.-La morphologie florale, Ia dynamique de Ia floraison, les periodes de maturite des organes reproducteurs, ainsi que les agents pollinisateurs, ont ete etudies chez Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. en vue de mieux connaitre Ia biologie de sa reproduction et les mecanismes de croisement mis en jeu. Les grains de pollen sont des monades (16) agregees en polyades doni Ia maturite co"incide avec Ia receptivite des stigmates. Le stigmate receptif ne peut recevoir qu'une seule polyade. La pollinisation est preferentiellement allogame, avec des possibilites de pollinisation par l'auto-pollen au sens large.Summary.-Floral morphology, dynamics of flowering, maturity periods of reproductive organs as well as pollinating insects have been studied in Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. in order to understand the reproductive biology and cross mechanisms. The pollen of Acacia senegal is composed of sixteen monads bound into one polyad. The pollen maturity coincides with the stigma receptivity. The receptive stigma can not receive more than one polyad. Pollination is preferentially allogamic, with possibilities of self-pollination sensus lato.
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