A potential bacterium Bacillus flexus RMWW II has been isolated from rice mill effluent, and examined for its decolorizing potential for lignin-mimicking dyes. The biodegradation of alkali lignin by the rod-shaped, Gram-positive, oxidase and catalase-positive Bacillus flexus RMWW II bacteria is due to its uptake of lignin as the sole carbon source. The lignin degradation was 100% at a lignin concentration of 50 mg L−1 but the degradation reduced to 20% at 400 mg L−1. The bacterial-mediated biodegradation of alkali lignin was suitably explained by the Edward kinetics model with a maximal specific biodegradation rate (qmax) of 0.056 h−1 and true specific biodegradation rate (q*) of 0.042 h−1. The non-toxic nature of the metabolites of alkali lignin after bacterial degradation was illustrated by phytotoxicity studies. This bacterium was utilized to treat complex rice mill wastewater, as lignin is one of the major components of the effluent. A considerable reduction of 84% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was observed in a batch reactor in 70 h of operation. The bacterial treatment results for the actual rice mill effluent indicate that Bacillus flexus RMWW II could be a promising agent for microbial remediation of lignin-laden raw rice mill wastewater.
Standby-sparing systems where one processor is used as primary while another one is deployed as spare have been used to provide high reliability to real-time embedded systems. To reduce the energy consumption, the primary uses DVFS while the spare employs DPM to postpone the backup tasks. In this paper, we re-visit the problem for heterogeneous multicore systems that include both high-performance and lowpower cores. We identify and address the two main dimensions of the problem, namely, what type of core to use as the primary or backup, and how to make frequency assignments on the primary to maximize energy savings. We investigate these two dimensions in Sections 3.1 and 3.2, respectively.
Rice is one of the imperative staple foods, particularly in the developing countries. The exponential boom in human population has resulted in the continuous expansion in the rice industry in order to meet the food demands. The various stages of paddy processing release huge quantity of solid wastes, mainly rice husk, rice husk ash and liquid wastes in the form of rice industry wastewater. The discharge of the rice industry wastewater imparts a substantial threat to the aquatic bodies and the nearby surrounding and, thus, consequently demands eco-benign treatment plan. As a result, different strategies are needed to enhance the effluent quality and minimize the operational cost of the treatment process. Therefore, efficient technological approach targeting the minimization of pollution as well as assuring the economic prosperity should be implemented. In this review article, several aspects related to the rice industry discussing the significant challenges involved in the generation of both solid and liquid wastes, mitigation experiments and future prospects have been meticulously elaborated. Furthermore, the article also focuses on the various processes utilized for reducing the pollution load and promoting the practice of reuse and recycle of waste rather than the discharge action for the sake of sustainability and the emergence of novel techniques for the generation of energy and value-added products.
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