Thus, it can be concluded that NS formulation of EFV can provide improved oral bioavailability due to enhanced solubility, dissolution velocity, permeability and hence absorption.

No abstract

No abstract

In maintenance planning of rail track, it is imperative to assess the potential and frequency of rail defects. Although this problem has been mainly studied in the literature by either data‐driven or mechanic‐based models, in the present study a new method is proposed to account for the strengths of both approaches in a single model. The envisaged model incorporates fatigue crack growth model, through Finite Element Modeling (FEM), into Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) framework. The method is applied to the prediction of rail defect frequency for transverse defects obtained from a US Class I Railroad. The results of the proposed model show that inducing the mechanics of rail defects into a data‐driven model outperforms the traditional pure data‐driven models by over 20%. The outcome of this study, along with necessary future developments to broaden the scope of applicability of the method, will benefit railroad existing practice in capital and maintenance planning.

No abstract

This paper develops a Bayesian framework to explore the impact of different factors and to predict the risk of recurrence of rail defects, based upon datasets collected from a US Class I railroad between 2011 and 2016. To this end, this study constructs a parametric Weibull baseline hazard function and a proportional hazard (PH) model under a Gaussian frailty approach. The analysis is performed using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation methods and the fit of the model is checked using a Cox–Snell residual plot. The results of the model show that the recurrence of a defect is correlated with different factors such as the type of rail defect, the location of the defect, train speed limit, the number of geometry defects in the last three years, and the weight of the rail. First, unlike the ordinary PH model in which the occurrence times of rail defects at the same location are assumed to be independent, a PH model under frailty induces the correlation between times to the recurrence of rail defects for the same segment, which is essential in the case of recurrent events. Second, considering Gaussian frailties is useful for exploring the influence of unobserved covariates in the model. Third, integrating a Bayesian framework for the parameters of the Weibull baseline hazard function as well as other parameters provides greater flexibility to the model. Fourth, the findings are useful for responsive maintenance planning, capital planning, and even preventive maintenance planning.

No abstract

The study aimed to explore the impacts of distinctive qualities of the LED light (such as to low power consumption, lesser production costs, longer operational lifetime and cool light emission with specific monochromatic wavelength) on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and development including plant height, number of leaves, root length, fresh and dry weight etc. The accumulation of phyto-pigments, soluble proteins and sugars, free radical scavenging activity and overall tuber yield were also evaluated. Enhanced plant height with increased diameter and branching was observed with the plant growing under the B100 and R30B70 LED light combination. Similarly, total number of leaves, leaf surface area, health index, phyto-pigments and tuber yield of potato was also significantly increased as compared to the plant growing under the W100 as control. Soluble proteins and sugar content and free radical scavenging enzyme activity were also significantly enhanced in the R30B70 LED light combination. Tubers yield per plants were also enhanced under the RB combination of the LED light. The current study indicated that the combination of R and B LED lights proved better for plant growth and development in a controlled environment and the R30B70 is the best combinational spectra for increased growth and tuber yield of potato plants. Therefore, the precise management of the irradiance and wavelength may hold promise in maximizing the economic efficiency of potato production, and quality of this important vegetables grown in controlled environments.