No abstract

No abstract

Introduction The musculocutaneous nerve and the median nerve are branches from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus with a root value of C5, C6, and C7. The medial root of the median nerve is a branch of the medial cord. The present study aims at observing any variations in these peripheral nerves, so that this knowledge can be utilized by surgeons, anesthesiologists, and orthopedicians during surgical procedures and nerve block. Materials and Methods The present study was carried on 30 adult embalmed cadavers (60 upper limbs) in the department of anatomy of the Kasturba Medical College , Manipal, India. The infraclavicular part of the brachial plexus was dissected, and any anatomical variations in the formation and in the branching pattern of the musculocutaneous nerve and of the median nerve were noted and photographs were taken. Results The median nerve was noted to be formed from 3 roots in 8 out of 60 dissected upper limbs (13.33%). The musculocutaneous nerve was absent in 5% of the dissected limbs, and communications between these 2 nerves were noted in 13.33% of the dissected limbs. Conclusions Noted variations of the nerves may be of help to surgeons operating in the axillas and in the arms.

No abstract

Introduction:The human tibia is a complex anatomical unit and the knowledge of its morphometric values is important in Forensic, Anatomic and Radiological cases in order to identify unknown bodies and stature.Objective: It was to analyze the tibia, its morphometry, side difference and to investigate the position of nutrient foramina in tibia. Methods:In this study, 60 adult human tibias (30 right and 30 left) were obtained from the Department of Anatomy SMSR SHARDA UNIVERSITY. In the study a total of two parameters i.e. Cross Section Index in the middle and Cnemicus Index of the bones were obtained and evaluated by using two instruments-a Measuring Tape and a Vernier Calipers. All the bones were dry and showed normal anatomical features. Results:The mean Cross Section Index in the middle was calculated as 80.42 ± 11.33 on the right side and 78.15± 12.78 on the left side; and the Cnemicus index was 78.40 ± 13.19 on the right side and 70.84 ± 11.38 on the left side Conclusion: The two parameters in the North Indian population were compared with other populations. The values were found to be almost comparable however there were subtle differences between different populations. The position of nutrient foramen was also assessed. This knowledge will thus help further researchers and orthopedic surgeons in various procedures like joint replacement therapy, fracture repair, bone grafts and vascularized bone microsurgery as well as in medico-legal cases.

No abstract

No abstract

Introduction: Occipital condyles are two bony elevations present on either side of foramen magnum in the base of the skull which articulates with the superior articular facet of the atlas vertebra, connecting the skull with the vertebral column. Objectives: Morphometric analysis of occipital condyles is important for the neuro-surgeons operating for the pathology like degenerative changes of the condyles, neoplasms, and trauma. So the aim of the study was morphometric analysis of the occipital condyles and observe any morphological variations of it. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 60 occipital condyles of 30 dry adult skulls. Length, breadth, height, intercondylar distance were measured. Relations of hypoglossal canal with the condyles were noted. Results: The mean length, width and height of occipital condyle were found to be 1.99± 0.33 (right), 2.23 ± 0.33 (left), 1.31± 0.28(right) 1.37±0.27 (left), 0.62± 0.17(right) and 0.62± 0.14cm (left), respectively. The mean anterior intercondylar distance and posterior intercondylar distance were measured as 1.95± 0.34and 3.66± 0.28 cm, respectively. Variations of shape of occipital condyle were kidney like (30%), S-like (23.33%), triangular (16.67%) oval (10.0%), eight like (16.7%) and bipartite condyles (3.33%) respectively. The hypoglossal canal was present related to anterior 1/3 of the occipital condyles in 73.33% case. Conclusions: The shape and morphometric values of occipital condyles are variable. So the knowledge of these variations may guide neurosurgeons in transcondylar approach in the management of neoplasms and other pathology related to this region.