Objective To determine the psychometric properties of the Person-Centered Therapeutic Relationship in Physiotherapy Scale (PCTR-PT) in order to find the most appropriate fit for the tool. Methods Patients who had received treatment at the physiotherapy service of nine hospitals in Spain were invited to complete the 31 items of the PCTR-PT scale. To select the most appropriate items of the PCTR-PT, an exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) was performed using the maximum likelihood and oblique rotation (promin) methods. Factor validity, goodness-of-fit and psychometric properties were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent (CFA) and discriminant validity were calculated. Internal consistency was verified using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to examine temporal stability. Results 366 patients over 18 years old who had received, at least, 15 physiotherapy treatment sessions completed the questionnaire. The results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed a tool with 15 items in four factors [Relational Bond (N items = 4); Individualized Partnership (N items = 4); Professional Empowerment (N items = 3) and Therapeutic Communication (N items = 4)], explaining 78.4% of the variance of the total variables of this tool. The confirmatory factor analysis further confirmed the four-structure model. Reliability of the tool was approved by Cronbach's alpha in all four dimensions, as all were above .70, ranging from .84 (Individualized Partnership) to .91 (Professional Empowerment). = 0.94. Test-retest was performed with two-week intervals, indicating an appropriate stability for the scale (ICC = 0.900). Conclusion The Person-Centered Therapeutic Relationship in Physiotherapy Scale (PCTR-PT) is a useful, valid and applicable instrument to evaluate the person-centered therapeutic relationship during physiotherapy interventions. It would be interesting to investigate the predictive capacity (sensitivity and specificity) of the PCTR-PT scale.
Background: In an unprecedented situation of interruption of the sporting dynamics, the world of sport is going through a series of adaptations necessary to continue functioning despite coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). More than ever, athletes are facing a different challenge, a source of discomfort and uncertainty, and one that absolutely alters not only sports calendars, but also trajectories, progressions, and approaches to sports life. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the levels of psychological vulnerability that may have been generated in the athletes, because of the coexistence with dysfunctional responses during the COVID-19 experience, and which directly influence the decrease of their mental health.Methods: With a descriptive and transversal design, the study aims to identify the state of the dysfunctional psychological response of a sample of Spanish athletes (N = 284). The DASS-21 (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale), Toronto-20 (alexithymia), and Distress Tolerance Scale questionnaires were administered to a sample of high-level Spanish athletes in Olympic programs.Results: The results suggest that the analyzed athletes indicate high levels of dysfunctional response (e.g., anxiety, stress, depression, and alexithymia) when their tolerance is low. In addition, the variables show less relational strength, when the capacity of tolerance to distress is worse and age is lower. At the same time, the greater the anxiety and uncertainty are, leading to more catastrophic and negative thoughts, the younger the athletes are.Conclusions: It is clear that both age and tolerance to distress are considered adequate protective factors for psychological vulnerability in general and for associated dysfunctional responses in particular. Moreover, the psychological resources offered by more experienced athletes are also a guarantee of protection against negativity and catastrophism.
RESUMEN:El fenómeno del running ha sido y continúa siendo uno de los deportes que más adeptos ha conseguido captar en los últimos años, ya que son muchas las personas que de manera regular salen a la calle día tras día a correr. Esta práctica deportiva se ha convertido en un comportamiento habitual en nuestra sociedad al ser considerado como una de las mejores actividades para mantener y mejorar la salud física, mental y psicosocial. El problema surge cuando correr se convierte en una necesidad perjudicial, provocando consecuencias negativas para la salud y dando lugar a lo que se conoce como Adicción al Ejercicio -"adicción positiva (APC); actividad agradable que genera un placer extremo" y "adicción negativa (ANC); cuando la vida de una persona se rige por esta actividad"-. Ante esta situación, el objetivo de este trabajo es conocer el estado actual de las investigaciones sobre adicción al ejercicio, centrándonos en el "running". La búsqueda de artículos se realizó en las bases de datos Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science y EBSCOhost utilizando combinaciones de las palabras clave: "deporte", "running", "correr", "adicción", "dependencia", "marathon". Los principales resultados indican que la adicción al deporte podría incluirse dentro de la categoría de los trastornos de la conducta, ya que cumple con la gran mayoría de los criterios diagnósticos y sobre todo por las graves consecuencias que esta puede ocasionar en el día a día de quienes la sufren. Por último, proponemos unas recomendaciones aplicadas que según nuestro criterio pueden tenerse en cuenta como soluciones y alternativas para aumentar el número de personas que se aprovechan de todos los beneficios de la práctica deportiva regular. PALABRAS CLAVES:Running, adicción, deporte, salud, revisión.Addiction to running: a review from its beginnings to the present day ABSTRACT: Running has been and continues to be one of the sports which have attracted more recruits in recent years. Thousands of people run every day in the streets, parks, etc. Running has become a usual behavior in our society, as it is considered one of the best activities to maintain and improve physical, psychological, and psychosocial health. The problem appears when running becomes a harmful need and has negative consequences for health, leading to the so-called exercise addiction -"positive addiction (PAR); an enjoyable activity which causes an extreme pleasure", and "negative addiction (NAR), which occurs when the activity controls the life of a person". The main objective of this study was to ascertain the current state of research on exercise addiction, with a special focus on running. A literature search suggested that we are facing a phenomenon that meets most of the criteria to be considered as a behavioral disorder. However, additional research is needed to be able to better understand and, above all, to continue to answer the multiple questions related to its manifestation. The literature search was carried out in the Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and EBSCOhost databases using com...
As a result of an error in the processing of this article during the publication process, it was necessary to re-publish this article with the following significant changes:
Background and PurposeThe therapeutic relationship is a central component for developing person‐centered care within physiotherapy services. However, it is necessary to understand how this relationship is perceived by both parties involved. The Person Centered Therapeutic Relationship‐Patient scale (PCTR‐PT) was constructed to identify patients' perceptions. No instruments are currently available to correlate patients' and physiotherapists' perceptions of the therapeutic relationship. This study sought to adapt the PCTR‐PT to develop a version for physiotherapists, the Person Centered Therapeutic Relationship Scale for Physiotherapists (PCTR‐PHYS) and to determine its psychometric properties.MethodsA three‐stage study was performed: (1) item generation, (2) pretesting of the questionnaire, (3) analysis of psychometric properties. Factor validity and psychometric properties were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent validity was calculated. Internal consistency was verified using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to examine temporal stability.ResultsThirty‐three physiotherapists participated in two rounds of cognitive interviews and 343 participated in the analysis of psychometric properties. The CFA confirmed the four‐structure model. Reliability of the tool was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.863) for all four dimensions, as all were above 0.70, ranging from 0.704 (relational bond) and 0.898 (therapeutic communication). Test‐retest was performed with 2‐week intervals, indicating an appropriate stability for the scale (ICC = 0.908).DiscussionThe Person Centered Therapeutic Relationship Scale for Physiotherapists is a useful, valid and applicable instrument to evaluate the person‐centered therapeutic relationship during physiotherapy interventions. It will enable the comparison of patients' and physiotherapists' perceptions. To provide person‐centered care in physiotherapy services, there is a clear need to incorporate specific resources into clinical practice to evaluate the quality of the therapeutic relationship from the perspective of both the persons being treated and the professionals providing care.
Running has gained many devotees over recent decades, thanks to its capacity to maintain and improve health, however, the accessibility and certain characteristics of this pursuit can facilitate the appearance of some negative health consequences. Nowadays, running is one of the most popular amateur sports, but it is thought that excessive running encourages the appearance of addictive behaviours and other health problems. The aim of this study was to analyse the risk of exercise addiction amongst runners, investigating the influence of variables like age, sex, distance, and performance. The Spanish version of the Running Addiction Scale (RAS-8) was administrated to a sample composed of 513 Spanish amateur long-distance runners, between the ages of 18 and 64. Overall, results showed that competitive amateur runners in our sample had a low risk of addiction, although age, level of performance, and training variables such as the average number of kilometres run per week, length of training sessions, and number of training days per week were statistically significant risk factors. It is hoped that this research will help the development of more efficient strategies to prevent and control addictive behaviours amongst amateur runners.
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