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Resilience is important in sport performers to withstand the pressure they experience. This study analyzed the relationship among resilient qualities and coping strategies in 235 Spanish athletes (126 males, 109 females; M age = 20.7 yr) who practiced different sports (79.1% team sports, 20.9% individual sports). They were evaluated at the beginning of the last competitive mesocycle and after an important competition. Coping strategies and level of resilient qualities were measured by the Coping Inventory for Competitive Sport and the Resilience Scale. There was no significant difference in resilience scores between evaluations performed during the last mesocycle or competition. A significant increase occurred in the scores for emotion-oriented and distraction-oriented coping during competition. Resilience scores correlated positively to task-oriented coping and negatively to disengagement- and distraction-oriented coping during both periods. Analysis of variance indicated that athletes with high individual resilient qualities reached higher scores in task-oriented coping, using to a lower extent disengagement- and distraction-oriented coping. Results obtained suggest that resilient characteristics may associate in athletes to the use of more potentially adaptative coping strategies.

Practice of endurance sports/activities has gained most devotees over recent decades, thanks to its capacity to maintain and improve health. However, their characteristics and accessibility have facilitated the emergence of addictive behaviors. Excessive practicing can lead to adverse physical and psychological effects seriously prejudicial to health, to the extent that individuals are unable to control this behavior. Recognizing that exercise addiction is still a controversial concept, the aim of the present review is to analyze the state of research into addictive exercise behaviors, specifically centering on running and endurance sports. To this end, a search covering article written in English and dated from 2010 onward was carried out in the Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and EBSCOhost databases. Of a total of 2,675 articles in the four databases, 25 were eligible for the final review. The studies reviewed confirmed that excessive practice could encourage the appearance of addictive behaviors and health problems. Most research has reported no age or sex differences in exercise dependence among endurance sport practitioners; however, obsessive passion and dedication to sports activities may be predictors for addiction to exercise. Owing to terminological confusion and the variety of tools used to measure addiction, figures for prevalence differ widely among studies, with values quoted ranging from 3 to 42%. Furthermore, it is clear that there are problems in delimiting, defining and diagnosing this sort of behavior, which has led to addiction to exercise not yet being considered a behavioral disorder.

This study was designed to investigate if monitoring of stress and recovery may be useful to detect overreaching in its early stages and may be used to evaluate effects of changes in training load. Nine swimmers were applied the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport) in four different occasions (M1, M2, M3, M4) along a 6-week training period prior to a competition. During the basal training period (M1), recovery scales scored higher than stress scales, being the scales General well-being, Social recovery and Being in shape those reaching higher scores. Following the measure corresponding to the second training period (M2), in which training volume reached a maximum, there were significant increases in two stress scales (Injury and Emotional exhaustion), and decreases in three recovery scales (Success, Physical recovery, and Self-efficacy). Values increased again and did not significantly differ from those corresponding to the first measure during measures M3 and M4, in which there was a decrease in training volume and training time. Only a recovery scale score (Success) increased significantly from period M2 to period M4. When the recovery-stress (total recovery - total stress) state was calculated, it was found that there was a significant decreases in M2, and values progressively increased in measures M3 and M4, with no significant difference from M1. Results obtained indicate that the RESTQ-Sport is able to show significant changes concurrently with training loads. Regular monitoring of stress and recovery by these measures may help to detect overreaching in its early stages.

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This study was aimed at examining the psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport;, and determining relationships between specific and overall dimensions of stress and recovery. A sample of Spanish athletes from various sports completed the instrument. Two factors were obtained in both the general (Sport Non-Specific Stress and Sport Non-Specific Recovery) and the specific module of the questionnaire (Sport Specific Stress and Sport Specific Recovery). A recursive model with a satisfactory fit, in which all factors would explain a total stress dimension, a total recovery dimension and a stress-recovery state, was developed. Results support the internal validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the RESTQSport, and allow for the establishment of relationships among the various different constructs that form the basis of the questionnaire.

Resumen: El constructo de resiliencia, definido como la capacidad de hacer frente y adaptarse, de manera positiva, a las situaciones altamente estresantes, ha sido estudiado desde hace más de 60 años, sin embargo, parece que solo en estas últimas dos décadas ha suscitado un justificado y especial interés por parte de la Psicología del Deporte y del Ejercicio. Es por esto que, cada vez más, crece la demanda por artículos que sean capaces de compilar toda esta novedosa información. Nuestra investigación, por tanto, persigue el objetivo general de revisar los avances entorno a la resiliencia en el contexto deportivo, tratando de ofrecer una visión integradora, actualizada y sintética de la conceptualización del término y de los resultados de las investigaciones realizadas hasta el momento. De manera más específica, también se muestran los instrumentos de evaluación más referenciados y las posibles líneas de investigación a seguir entorno al constructo. Como conclusión, esta revisión subraya los descubrimientos más interesantes sobre la resiliencia y otros factores psicológicos y/o de rendimiento, facilitando la elaboración de estrategias de intervención para la optimización del resultado deportivo y aporta una visión holística del constructo y de sus perspectivas de investigación futuras. Palabras clave: Resiliencia, rendimiento deportivo, instrumentos de evaluación, revisión. Abstract: The construct of resilience, defined as the capacity to cope and adapt, in a positive way, to highly stressful situations has been studied for more than 60 years ago. However, it seems that only in the last two decades Psychology of Sport and Exercise has led a justified and special interest on it. That is why the demand for these researches that are able to compile all this new information are growing. Therefore, our paper pursues the general aim of reviewing advances in sport context resilience, trying to offer an integrated, current and synthetic vision of conceptualization and results of researches developed. More specifically, the most referenced assessment instruments and future investigations are also shown. In conclusion, this review highlights the most interesting findings on resilience and its relationship with other psychological and/or performance factors, in order to facilitate the development of intervention strategies to optimize sport performance and provides a holistic view of the construct and its future research outlooks. Keywords: Resilience, sport performance, questionnaires, review. Resumo: O construto de resiliência, definida como a capacidade de enfrentar e adaptar-se de forma positiva as situações altamente estressantes, vem sendo estudada a mais de 60 anos, entretanto, parece que somente nas duas últimas décadas obteve um especial interesse por parte da Psicologia do Esporte y do Exercício. Por conseguinte, aumenta cada vez mais a demanda de artigos capazes de reunir estas novas informações. Portanto, nossa investigação busca o objetivo geral de revisar os avanços realizados em torno à resiliência no contex...

The present investigation examined the validity and reliability of a questionnaire which assessed motives of Brazilian adults for participation in physical activities, compared motives for participation in walking and fitness programs, and examined differences by sex, age, and education. Participants were 100 men and 138 women, ages 16 to 60 years (M=30.5, SD=11.4). Factor analysis identified four factors which were fairly consistent with previous research. Improvement in physical appearance and enjoyment were rated significantly more important reasons for participants in fitness programs than for walkers. Men were more motivated by social experience than women. Young adults rated importance lower in health and fitness and rated enjoyment, social experience, and improvement in appearance of higher importance. Health and fitness were considered more important by participants with more education. These results are consistent with previous research on the factors underlying motives for regular exercise and support the importance of considering differences associated with culture.