Background Chronic hyperglycemia is linked to either subfertility or infertility among diabetic males. Pioglitazone is one of the thiazolidinediones (TZDs) drugs that are selective peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR‐γ agonists used for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Aim This study aims to explore the possible effect of low Pioglitazone dose and omega (ω‐3) on rat male reproductive function. Furthermore, we evaluated the add‐on effect of combined use of low Pioglitazone dose of and ω‐3 on reproductive functions in adult male T2DM rats. Methods Fifty adult male rats were included and subdivided into control and four test subgroups. T2DM was induced in test groups and subdivided into non‐treated T2DM, ω‐3 treated, 0.6 mg/kg Pioglitazone treated, and combined treated group (orally by gavage). Following 16 weeks, final body weight, testicular weight, fasting plasma glucose, and serum testosterone levels were measured. Semen analysis, testicular testosterone, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, immunohistochemistry staining for apoptosis marker B‐cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl‐2), proliferation marker as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), estrogen receptor α (ERα), androgen receptor (AR) were determined. Caspase‐3, nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐kB), glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3), 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β‐HSD) PPARγ, and PPARα genes expression were analyzed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Results Our findings revealed that treatment with low dose of Pioglitazone or ω‐3 significantly lowered fasting plasma glucose and MDA levels, ameliorated diabetes effects on histological damage, improved antioxidant activity (SOD), significantly improved anti‐apoptosis BCL‐2 and proliferation (PCNA), remarkably elevated ERα, AR, 17β‐HSD PPARγ, and PPARα expression with significant reduction in caspase‐3, NF‐kB genes expression and improved semen quality as well. Combined use of low dose of and ω‐3 has better effects on all measured parameters. Conclusion Small Pioglitazone dose and ω‐3 possess beneficial effects on spermatogenic and steroidogenic functions in adult diabetic rat; while combined use of both has an add‐on effect.
Background: Obestatin is a peptide hormone derived from the same peptide precursor as ghrelin, it regulates food intake and gastric motility, however, to date, no studies conducted about the effects of obestatin on gastric acid secretion and gastric mucin expression. Aim: investigate effects of obestatin on gastric acid secretion and mucin expression in normal and streptozoocin (STZ) induced diabetic male rats. Material and Methods: 32 adult male albino rats were divided into group I (normal) and group II STZ induced diabetic rats, each group further subdivided into two equal subgroups: group a (received intraperitoneal (ip) saline daily for 21 days) and group b (daily received ip obestatin "10 nmol/kg" for 21 days). In all groups, gastric secretion was collected, then total acid output, ghrelin and volume of gastric secretion were measured, real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for gastric mucin (MUC5AC) and gastric H+-K+-ATPase α-subunit gene expression were measured, blood samples were obtained for insulin and glucose measurement. Results: in both normal and diabetic rats, obestatin increased total acid output, ghrelin, volume of gastric secretion, gastric H+-K+-ATPase α-subunit and MUC5AC gene expression. There was none significant change in blood glucose and insulin in normal rats, while significant increase in insulin level and significant decrease in blood glucose in STZ induced diabetic rats. Conclusion: obestatin on chronic run increased gastric acidity, ghrelin and volume of gastric secretion in normal and diabetic rats, obestatin can be considered as gastro-protective agent as it increased gastric mucin in normal and diabetic rats.
Background: Recent studies suggested a role of diabetes in regulating the outcome of pulmonary hypertension. Several cytokines are dysregulated in pulmonary hypertension, and were considered accurate predictors of the prognosis. Aim of Study: To evaluate the effects of glycemic control on hemodynamics, metabolic and adipokines (leptin, apelin and adiponectin) levels in patients with pulmonary hypertension and diabetes. Subjects and Methods: Thirty-five pulmonary hypertension patients with diabetes assigned into two groups according to glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level; tightly controlled group (Group I) (n=20) and conventionally controlled group (Group II) (n=15). Demographic characteristics, hemodynamic assessment, metabolic and serum adipokines levels were assesed. Results: Both groups showed insignificant difference in age, BMI and left ventricular ejection fraction; while mean pulmonary arterial pressure, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, Cholesterol, triglycerides, Interleukin-6, leptin and apelin were significantly decreased in group I. IL-6, leptin and apelin have significant positive correlation with glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, Cholesterol, TG and MPAP in both groups. Conclusion: Good glycemic control has an impact on hemodynamics, metabolic, inflammatory and adipokine pattern in diabetic patients with pulmonary hypertension, which may affect the progression of the disease.
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