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With the recently grown attention from different research communities for opinion mining, there is an evolving body of work on Arabic Sentiment Analysis (ASA). This paper introduces a systematic review of the existing literature relevant to ASA. The main goals of the review are to support research, to propose further areas for future studies in ASA, and to smoothen the progress of other researchers’ search for related studies. The findings of the review propose a taxonomy for sentiment classification methods. Furthermore, the limitations of existing approaches are highlighted in the preprocessing step, feature generation, and sentiment classification methods. Some likely trends for future research with ASA are suggested in both practical and theoretical aspects.

To ensure the quality of a software system, developers perform an activity known as unit testing, where they write code (known as test cases) that verifies the individual software units that make up the system. Like production code, test cases are subject to bad programming practices, known as test smells, that hurt maintenance activities. An essential part of most maintenance activities is program comprehension which involves developers reading the code to understand its behavior to fix issues or update features. In this study, we conduct a controlled experiment with 96 undergraduate computer science students to investigate the impact of two common types of test smells, namely Assertion Roulette and Eager Test, on a student's ability to debug and troubleshoot test case failures. Our findings show that students take longer to correct errors in production code when smells are present in their associated test cases, especially Assertion Roulette. We envision our findings supporting academia in better equipping students with the knowledge and resources in writing and maintaining high-quality test cases. Our experimental materials are available online 1

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Test smells are defined as sub-optimal design choices developers make when implementing test cases. Hence, similar to code smells, the research community has produced numerous test smell detection tools to investigate the impact of test smells on the quality and maintenance of test suites. However, little is known about the characteristics, type of smells, target language, and availability of these published tools. In this paper, we provide a detailed catalog of all known, peer-reviewed, test smell detection tools.We start with performing a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed scientific publications to construct a catalog of 22 tools. Then, we perform a comparative analysis to identify the smell types detected by each tool and other salient features that include programming language, testing framework support, detection strategy, and adoption, among others. From our findings, we discover tools that detect test smells in Java, Scala, Smalltalk, and C++ test suites, with Java support favored by most tools. These tools are available as command-line and IDE plugins, among others. Our analysis also shows that most tools overlap in detecting specific smell types, such as General Fixture. Further, we encounter four types of techniques these tools utilize to detect smells. We envision our study as a onestop source for researchers and practitioners in determining the tool appropriate for their needs. Our findings also empower the community with information to guide future tool development.

Networks play an important role in electrical and electronic engineering. It depends on what area of electrical and electronic engineering, for example, there is a lot more abstract mathematics in communication theory and signal processing and networking, etc. Networks involve nodes communicating with each other. Graph theory has found considerable use in this area. In this paper, we introduce some new Networks such as Graph-PW, Network Symmetric Digraph-PW, Change Network Graph-PW, and Change Network Symmetric Digraph- PW. Moreover, several theorems and results of these networks have been studied.