The study aims to find the short-run empirical analyses of the impact of oil price fluctuation on the monetary instrument (Exchange rate, Inflation, Interest rate) in Nigeria. We explored the frequently used Toda–Yamamoto model (TY) model, by adopting the TY Modified Wald (MWALD) test approach to causality, Forecast Error Variance Decomposition (FEVD) and Impulse Response Functions (IRFs).The study covered the period 1995 to 2018 (monthly basis), and our findings from MWALD test indicated that there is a uni-directional causality of the log of oil price (lnoilpr) to log of the exchange rate (lnexchr) at 10% level of significance, also there is a contemporaneous response of log of consumer price index (lncpi) to log of exchange rate (lnexchr) and log of interest rate (lnintr), and jointly (lnoilpr, lncpi and lnintr) granger cause lncpi. Also at 5% level of significance lnintr responded due to positive change in lnoilpr and lnexchr, and jointly causes lnintr at 5% level of significance. This is complimented with our findings in FEVDs, and IRFs. The empirical analyses shows that oil price is a strong determining factor of exchange rate, cost of borrowing and directly influences inflationary or deflationary tendencies in Nigeria..
Variation in structural composition of Guinea savannah vegetation was investigated in Kpashimi forest reserve, Niger State, Nigeria. Field work inventory was conducted to determine the current status of the vegetation physiognomic characteristics of the six physiographic units in the study area; comprising of Riparian Forest, Savannah Woodland, Degraded forest Scrubland, Grassland, and Bare surface. Parameters measured include tree density, trunk diameter, basal area, tree density, tree species diversity, tree height, crown cover, shrub cover, and grass cover. The aim of the study is to determine and compare the variation in structural characteristics of the vegetation of the study area. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences amongst virtually all the parameters among the physiographic units. In general, the landscape of the forest reserve has been influenced significantly by anthropogenic disturbance and the resulting landscape vegetation cover is a mixture of natural and human managed mosaics that vary in shape, size, structure and arrangement. Thus, drastic measures need to be taken so as to reverse the trend and to mitigate the far reaching ecological consequences of vegetation degradation as highlighted in this study. Access to UNFCC carbon credit is hereby recommended for the management of the study area.
Structural attributes and floristic composition of vegetation communities was investigated in the Kpashimi Forest Reserve, Niger State, Nigeria. The aim of the study was to describe the floristic composition and structure of the plant communities found in the study area. Biometric field inventory method; involving morphometric measurements, enumeration and application of allometric equations was employed for data collection. Vegetation variables including tree density, species diversity, tree girth, basal area, tree height, crown cover, shrub cover, and grass cover were measured within forty-eight sampling plots of 0.4096 hectares; distributed over the six vegetation physiographic units found in the area including riparian forest, savannah woodland, degraded forest, scrubland, grassland, and bare surface. For data analysis, the mean and coefficient of variation were determined from the data collected for each of the six vegetation physiographic units. The result showed that the Riparian forest is characterised by mean values of girth (1.16 metre), basal area (26.9 m 2 ha-1 ) tree height (26.6 metre) and crown cover (68%). Savannah woodland recorded density of tree stand (0.0129 / m 2 ) and diversity (13.75 Simpson's diversity index), while Grassland and Bare surface classes are characterised by mean values of grass cover (89.9% and 51.1% respectively). Scrubland is characterised by mean value of shrub cover (64.8%); but with comparatively low trunk diameter, crown cover, tree height and tree density. The study area is thus characterised by a mixture of plant communities that vary in composition, diversity, heterogeneity, structure and complexity. This study presents acquired baseline information on the landscape vegetation structure and composition which could be useful for characterizing a typical savannah vegetation structure and composition. The data obtained could also provide a reference scenario against which future assessments could be compared; in order to understand the dynamics of vegetation communities.
This study assessed the effects of cement dust pollution on cultivated crops in Obajana, Kogi State, Nigeria. Plant samples used were obtained directly from cultivated lands in Obajana closed and far away from the cement industry within the community. The 12 plant samples collected were analyzed at Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria. Mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variability and T-test were used in analyzing the data. The results revealed that except in the case of potassium concentration (2.21) the maize controls site nitrogen (1.01) and phosphorus (0.23) concentrations are higher than the polluted site (0.21 and 0.15 for nitrogen and phosphorus respectively). Results also showed that the 3 element (nitrogen (0.784), phosphorus (0.38), and potassium (2.42) concentrations studied in the cassava plant of the polluted site were higher than those obtained in the control site with 0.31, 0.36 and 1.83 for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. It was concluded that there was significant difference in the elemental properties of maize potassium only but in other elements and in cassava plant there was no significant difference. Dusts emitted from the factory have affected the elemental properties of maize and cassava farm lands that are proximate to the cement factory in the study area. The study recommends that the propone 5th plant by the cement company operating in the study area should be diverted to another settlement in order to boost agricultural produce from Obajana community.
Changing vegetation affects microclimates, groundwater tables, desertification, and biodiversity at the landscape level. The objective of this study is to assess the land cover dynamics and local perception of the influence of land use on vegetation change in Katsina State, Nigeria. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS)-based analysis, key informant interviews, and a semi-structured questionnaire covering 400 households were used to examine the driving forces behind vegetation change across Katsina State. As a result of the household survey, 86.5% (n = 400) of respondents reported a decline in vegetation in the study area, aligning with the Land Use Land Cover analysis phase of the study. The key drivers behind the observed vegetation depletion in the study area include firewood collection, charcoal production, and population growth. There has been an increasing awareness that education has emerged as one of the most significant socioeconomic factors influencing respondents' perceptions of these drivers. In spite of this, the unsustainable vegetation changes observed in this study have a negative impact on rural livelihoods and the management of natural resources in rural areas. This study recommends the implementation of sustainable land use policies that promote land-use practises that support economic growth and development.
Quantification of carbon stock has gained major attention in international climate change mitigation and adaptation negotiations. However, poor knowledge of the quantity of carbon stock in respective ecosystems is one major challenge in estimating carbon stock in developing countries. This study is aimed at estimating and comparing carbon stock density of protected (forest reserve) and non-protected (parkland) areas of guinea savanna in Niger state. The research methodology includes field survey inventory, biometric measurements and laboratory analysis. At each of the 45 sampling plot locations, Carbon stock was measured from six pools viz above ground tree, undergrowth, dead wood, litter, root and soil. within a quadrat sampling plot of 500 m 2 . Four fixed size square frames encompassing 1m 2 was used for the undergrowth (shrubs and grasses) and litter. Composite soil samples (for organic carbon) and undisturbed samples (for bulk density) were taken from each of the 1m 2 subplot quadrants at two depths (0-15cm and 15-30cm). Soil organic carbon concentration was estimated in the laboratory using Walkley-Black method. The findings of the study revealed that in terms of carbon stock in respective pools, in both protected and non-protected areas, soil pool was the highest, followed by tree and undergrowth; while litter, dead wood and root were the least in carbon stock. The average aggregate carbon stock density in the protected area is 118.2 Mg ha -1 which is greater than 69.3 Mg ha -1 recorded in the nonprotected area. It was also observed that there is significant difference in carbon stock density between the forest reserve and parkland study sites where t (43) = 18.34, p < 0.001). The study concludes that if savannas were to be protected from fire, grazing and anthropogenic disturbances, most of them would accumulate substantial carbon and the sink would be larger; with a view to mitigating climate change effect.
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