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The adoption and <span>implementation of digital transformation (DT) plans and initiatives have become compulsory for organizations worldwide during this flourishing era of advanced technology. However, it is estimated that 70% of all DT initiatives do not achieve their goals, with billions of dollars going to waste. This study identified the main elements of digital transformation initiatives from the literature by scholars around the world and then applied these elements to organizations in Kuwait. 33 organizations (private and public) in Kuwait participated in a survey to investigate the level of readiness of organizations attempting to execute digital transformation plans and initiatives. Some insights were found: having a well-defined strategic vision in organizations, digital leadership, technical talent, and having digital expertise are significant elements in implementing digital transformation plans.</span>

E-Government is the civil and political conduct of the government which involves using information and communication technologies (ICT). Currently, it is facing several problems relating to integration of information and systems, extraction, and representation across heterogeneous organizations. Additionally, e-Government also encounters big challenges in achieving interoperability and integration; when differences in laws, regulations, services, administrative processes have to be accounted for, along with the different languages spoken across different regions and countries. There are numerous approaches, proposals, frameworks, and projects available to achieve semantic interoperability in the eGovernment domain; especially dealing with the creation and management of semantic web services. There is a lack of supporting methodology, specialized tools, and guidelines (which describe how formal semantic descriptions of the services in practical applications can be created and maintained). Moreover, in the e-Government paradigm, it is expected that formatted information be available in different ways, when presented to senior citizens or government officials, etc. Therefore, the e-government services need to provide information where format and methods of delivery adapt according to the users and situations. The semantic Web presents the information in a machine readable format and (strives to make e-government processes fully automated. In recent years, Semantic Web technologies based on ontology) have brought about promising solutions to the above engineering problems. This research presents a survey for some framework approaches for E-government by Semantic Web. It also discusses the platform namely Protégé ontology API for semantic ontology development in e-governments. The research would also be of interest to novice semantic Web researchers that might use it as a starting point for more investigations.

<p><span>Software development projects are famous of high rate failure, this made an encouragement for researcher to investigate reasons of failure. However, literature covering under developed countries is uncommon. This research investigates the most severe risk factors in software development project in the country of Kuwait. A face-to-face questionnaire with 109 IT practitioners in Kuwait from government and private organizations was conducted. The findings reveal and identify risk factors that have a high impact on the budget, quality, and schedule. The aim of this study is to validate risk factor taxonomy through quantitative methods by experts in the field of IT. Another purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive and updated review of risk factors from Kuwait to be presented for IT practitioners and researchers.</span></p>

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