Background Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are lifelong neurodevelopmental disorders. It is not clear whether working memory (WM) deficits are commonly experienced by individuals with ASD. Aim To determine whether individuals with ASD experience significant impairments in WM and whether there are specific domains of working memory that are impaired. Methods We conducted a meta-analysis using four electronic databases EMBASE (OVID), MEDLINE (OVID), PsychINFO (EBSCOHOST), and Web of Science, to examine the literature to investigate whether people with ASD experience impairments related to WM. Meta-analyses were conducted separately for phonological and visuospatial domains of WM. Subgroup analyses investigated age and intelligence quotient as potential moderators. Results A total of 29 papers containing 34 studies measuring phonological and visuospatial domains of WM met the inclusion criteria. WM scores were significantly lower for individuals with ASD compared to typically developed (TD) controls, in both the visuospatial domain when investigating accuracy ( d : -0.73, 95% CI -1.04 to -0.42, p < 0.05) and error rates ( d : 0.56, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.88, p<0.05), and the phonological domain when investigating accuracy ( d :-0.67, 95% CI -1.10 to -0.24, p>0.05) and error rate ( d : 1.45, 95% CI -0.07 to 2.96, p = 0.06). Age and IQ did not explain the differences in WM in ASD. Conclusions The findings of this meta-analysis indicate that across the lifespan, individuals with ASD demonstrate large impairments in WM across both phonological and visuospatial WM domains when compared to healthy individuals.

Many head-mounted virtual reality display (VR-HMD) applications that involve moving visual environments (e.g., virtual rollercoaster, car and airplane driving) will trigger cybersickness (CS). Previous research Arshad et al. (2015) has explored the inhibitory effect of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on vestibular cortical excitability, applied to traditional motion sickness (MS), however its applicability to CS, as typically experienced in immersive VR, remains unknown. The presented double-blinded 2x2x3 mixed design experiment (independent variables: stimulation condition [cathodal/anodal]; timing of VR stimulus exposure [before/after tDCS]; sickness scenario [slight symptoms onset/moderate symptoms onset/recovery]) aims to investigate whether the tDCS protocol adapted from Arshad et al. ( 2015) is effective at delaying the onset of CS symptoms and/or accelerating recovery from them in healthy participants. Quantitative analysis revealed that the cathodal tDCS indeed delayed the onset of slight symptoms if compared to that in anodal condition. However, there are no significant differences in delaying the onset of moderate symptoms nor shortening time to recovery between the two stimulation types. Possible reasons for present findings are discussed and suggestions for future studies are proposed.

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Budidaya tanaman hidroponik vertikultur ini mempunyai keunggulan yaitu dengan lahan 1 m2 dengan tinggi tower 1,5 m memiliki lubang tanam dua kali lipat dengan cara konvensional. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah merancang sistem kontrol pH larutan dan pencahayaan pada hidroponik vertikultur terhadap tanaman pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) yang dapat terhubung pada smartphone. Sistem kontrol yang digunakan yaitu mikrokontroler ESP32, Sensor pH Probe 4502C, dan Sensor Cahaya BH1750. Pompa peristaltik sebagai aktuator untuk larutan Buffer sebagai pengontrol pH larutan. Lampu LED growing ligth pengganti sinar matahari untuk tanaman. Hasil dari penelitian ini didapatkan nilai R2 dari pH Probe 4502C dan Sensor BH1750 berturut-turut sebesar 0,9913 dan 0,9947 dengan persetanse rata-rata nilai error sebesar 0,3144% dan 0,4086%. LED growing light hidup selama 13 jam setiap hari. Pengamatan pertumbuhan tanaman pakcoy didapatkan rata-rata tinggi tanaman sebesar 19,6 cm, jumlah daun sebanyak 12,7 helai, lebar daun sebesar 8,1 cm, dan berat sebesar 29,5 g. Sistem kontrol yang telah dibuat dapat bekerja dengan baik dan dapat digunakan untuk budidaya tanaman hidroponik vertikultur.