There was no significant difference in uric acid levels and uric acid excretion between patients with RV GE and those with other presumed viral causes of GE. Further studies with larger sample sizes including children with more severe dehydration and a prolonged course of GE are needed.
Majority of UAE construction works were reported experiencing changes during execution process which exerts adverse effects to project success. Among the negative impacts is the failing in achieving satisfactory schedule performance. This poor schedule performance is also common issue faced by construction works globally. This paper addressed a study on various client related factors causing changes and parameters that affecting project schedule performance. The study was conducted through quantitative method. The data was gathered through questionnaire survey amongst the practitioners from contractor and consultant organization engaged in construction project of UAE and analysed statistically using significant index value. Results obtained in this study highlighted lack of coordination, replacement of key personnel by clients and inadequate understanding of clients need as three major issues related to client which are responsible for changes in construction works. While delay in completion schedule, slower project progress and dispute between owner & contractor are as major parameters affecting schedule performance. For correlation analysis, it was found that lack of coordination between the parties has significant correlation with delay in completion schedule, and dispute between owner & contractor. Also replacement of key personnel from client has significant correlation with schedule delay that are additional works and re-work/redesign. These finding will be helpful for practitioner in prioritizing the factors of change and schedule measuring parameters for improving schedule performance.
Plan, drill and complete pioneer water disposal wells within the challenging Pilot Project of the complex unconventional reservoir and obtain approval, based on technical justification, of water reinjection within the Gachsaran Formation. This will exclude handling the additional manpower on a daily basis for managing water trucking operations day and night over the remote terrain to the nearby fields (90kms and 110kms). Consequently, this will reduce OPEX and extra liabilities incurred by HSE risks. The Project included five horizontal producers, completed for the first time within the Middle Gachsaran in the UAE's history. The expected field water production rates were 5000 bbl/d. There was no previous test data available to estimate the injectivity potential of the formation for water disposal. Additionally, no previous approvals were available from the HSE or the risk management team. Available G&G data and subsurface understanding were utilized to best optimize the water disposal wells. Potential reservoir zones were identified based on the good porosities with moderate permeabilities, vertical barriers and their confirmation through MDT pressure measurements, water intake information based on PLT results at nearby vertical wells, and reservoir connectivity. Subsurface and surface locations were finalized as near as possible to the pilot project facility to efficiently inject the water and reduce the CAPEX without compromising the subsurface targets and well integrity. The reservoir monitoring plan for the project was established to monitor any chance of vertical percolation of waste water in the shallow aquifer to avoid contamination. Multiple vertical barriers exist within the Gachsaran Formation with a regional seal that exists at 1850 ftTVDSS. The regional vertical seal exists at around 2000ft above the top of Middle Gachsaran. Therefore, there was rarely any chance that the injected water would communicate with the shallow formations. In brief, no vertical communication has been confirmed so far across the Gachsaran Formation within the Project Area based on the existence of vertical barriers (anhydrite beds-seals) and results of the formation pressure acquired at several wells and well test data in the area. The reservoir monitoring plan will allow us to overcome any possible chances of cross flow through cement behind the casing of the water disposal well to avoid shallow aquifer contamination. HSEIA / HSE (Safety) Case / HSE Studies Regulatory approval was successfully acquired. A test case to ensure the Middle Gachsaran as a water disposal candidate within the area. The reinjecting of produced water will save tremendous OPEX for full field development. This will create opportunities for new exploration blocks within this area to allow water disposal produced from deeper reservoirs. Consequently, we provide an attractive economic option to the overseas companies exploring deeper targets within this area.
Recently unconventional gas resources including the shallow biogenic gas reservoirs have received great attention around the world due to technical advances in the field development and corresponding large in-place resources. However, the technologies needed for the effective development of unconventional reservoirs are still behind the industry needs, for example the gas recovery rates from these unconventional resources are still very low. The Miocene Gachsaran Formation across Onshore Abu Dhabi and Dubai possesses high potential of generating shallow biogenic gas. To understand and evaluate its capability for a promising gas resources a dynamic model and field development plan were generated based on a detail G&G analysis. The Gachsaran biogenic gas potential falls under the category of unconventional resources due to the existence of adsorbed gas within the organic matter and clay. The paper provides a detailed numerical simulation approach from a modified commercial simulators to simplify analytical solutions for adsorbed gas in-place calculation and full field development plan. The construction of dynamic model to tackle the growing advances in drilling and stimulation technologies for such complex tight reservoirs have become possible. These reservoirs are still challenging to produce due to their complex geology, tightness and requirements of advance production technologies such as hydraulic fracturing to achieve economical production rates. The gas flow mechanisms in nano-pores cannot be simply described by Darcy flow equation. In addition, due to large-scale fracturing, the conventional single porosity model is not enough to simulate the characteristics of these source rock type reservoirs. Furthermore, advanced simulation methods such as molecular dynamic simulation are computationally challenging and very time consuming. To mitigate these challenges, two alternative unique approaches were considered to model these reservoirs: (1) application of analytical methods to characterize the primary characteristics of nano-pores, and (2) extending the conventional simulator to effectively model flow from the nano-pores gas reservoirs. The study describes the theory and application utilized to modify and enhance the capability of conventional simulator. Consequently, to properly estimate the adsorbed gas in-place and integrate the effects of Langmuir gas desorption and gas diffusion effects. Therefore, the dual-porosity model was built and coupled with local grid refinement to capture the associated hydraulic fracture design and properties. This robust modeling approach has provided an enhancement in the field development planning of such a complex regional scale unconventional reservoir.
The Miocene Gachsaran Formation across Onshore Abu Dhabi and Dubai possesses high potential of generating shallow biogenic gas. A dynamic model and field development plan generated based on a detail G&G analysis to understand and evaluate its capability as promising gas resources. Specific approaches and workflow generated for volumetric and dynamic reservoir model capable of defining the most viable development strategy of the field from both an economic and technical standpoint. The proposed workflow adapts also the development plan from single pad-scale to full field development plan. A fine-grid field-scale with more than hundreds of Pads covering the sweet spot area of three thousands of square kilometers including structure, reservoir properties built based on existing vertical wells, newly drilled horizontal wells and seismic interpretation. In this paper, a robust workflow for big and complex unconventional biogenic gas reservoir modeling and simulation technique have been developed with hydraulic fracture and stimulated area created through LGR. Independent workflows generated for the adsorbed gas in place calculation, desorption flow mechanism, and Pads field development plan. An accuracy on in place calculation, desorption flow mechanism and Pseudo steady state flow through direct and indirect total gas concentration measured using (1) Pressurize core and sorption isotherm capacity experiment, (2) Langmuir /BET function and Vmax scaling curves for each grid cells, and (3) Gas concentration versus TOC relationship. Field development plan for unconventional shallow biogenic gas reservoirs is possible only if a communication network created through hydraulic fractures connects a huge reservoir area to the wellbore effectively. A complete workflow presented for modeling and simulation of unconventional reservoirs, which in-corporates the characterization of hydraulic fracture and their interaction with reservoir matrix. Dual porosity model has been constructed with accurate in place calculation through scaling the Langmuir function and calculation Vmax for each grid cell of the full field model, The single Pad design approach in the development plan has exhibited great advantages in terms of improvement in the quality and flexibility of the model, reduction of working time with the same Pad model design which is adapted for the full field development plan. The proposed unconventional modeling and field development plan workflow provides an efficient and useful unconventional dynamic model construction and full field development planning under uncertainty analysis. Minimizing the uncertainty in place calculation and production forecasting for unconventional reservoirs necessitates an accurate direct and indirect data measurement of gas concentration and flow mechanism through the laboratory measurement. Field development plan for unconventional reservoirs is possible only if fracture network can be created through hydraulic fractures that connects a huge reservoir area to the wellbore effectively through pad completion.
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