Although to be prevalence of onychomycosis in school children in central Anatolia of Turkey seems very low degree, pediatric onychomycosis is a growing public health concern all over the world. Children having more siblings or unemployed fathers and children living in small house as well as older children should be examined carefully for onychomycosis.

With this study, novel reference values for penile length in prepubertal children were presented to the literature.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of pediculosis capitis in schoolchildren living in rural and urban areas in Kayseri, a city located in central Anatolia in Turkey.Methods: This cross-sectional school-based study was performed in 24 randomly selected public schools. A total of 8,122 schoolchildren aged 5-16 years, from kindergarten to eighth grade, were examined for the presence of pediculosis capitis. A child was defined as being infested by the presence of live or dead lice or eggs/nits. The results were analyzed using the chi-squared test and logistic regression analysis.Results: The overall prevalence of head lice infestation was 13.1%. Pediculosis was more frequent in girls (25.2%) than in boys (0.86%) (p<0.001). The prevalence was lower in children aged 5-8 years than in those aged 9-11 or 12-16 years (p<0.001). In multiple regression analyses, the variables demonstrating statistically significant association with pediculosis were: being a girl (OR=40.93; 95% CI=29.06-57.66), being 9-11 years old (OR=1.54; 95% CI=1.25-1.89), residing with ≥ 3 siblings (OR=1.98; 95% CI=1.57-2.50), having a mother with no education (OR=1.73; 95% CI=1.29-2.33), having a father with no education (OR=1.45; 95% CI=1.08-1.94), living in a rural area (OR=2.34; 95% CI=2.02-2.71) and living in a one-room house (OR=2.39; 95% CI=1.41-4.08).Conclusions: Pediculosis capitis remains a health problem in schoolchildren in Kayseri, Turkey. In addition to improvement in socioeconomic status, collaborative and participation efforts among physicians, nurses, teachers, and parents are necessary to maintain effective epidemiological surveillance and provide treatment.

These data suggest that adiponectin, resistin and RBP4 may have a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD in obese children. Adiponectin, leptin, resistin and RBP4 may be suitable markers for predicting metabolic syndrome and NAFLD.

Adiponectin, RBP4 and, in particular, resistin levels may be used as suitable predictive biomarkers of metabolic syndrome.

Oral alendronate at a dose of 1 mg/kg/week for the treatment of osteopenia in children with cerebral palsy was found to be safe and effective.

Our results consider that maturational delay in myelination of brain stem may have a role in the etiology of breath-holding spells in children.

The inconsistency of the two scoring systems and lack of correlation between the scoring systems and mutation groups raises concerns about the reliability of these scoring systems in children. There is a need to develop a scoring system in children based on a prospective registry.