During the last few decades many blackouts have occurred throughout the world. It seems that modern power systems are more vulnerable to major blackouts. Power system in Pakistan is no exception where blackouts affect the economy and hinder the development of the country. Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO) is responsible for generation, transmission, and distribution of electric power in Pakistan. Major blackouts occur due to failure of the protection system of the power transmission network. The remedy for such collapses is disconnection of non-preferred load through Intelligent Load Shedding (ILS) technique. In this paper, the Intelligent Load Shedding is simulated in Electrical Transient Analysis Program (ETAP) software. The technique has been applied on 220kV transmission network of Quetta Electric Supply Company (QESCO), a power distribution company in Balochistan province of Pakistan. This paper focuses on preventing entire QESCO network from cascaded tripping and blackout during N-2 contingency situations. It has been established that implementation of Intelligent Load Shedding is not only helpful for protecting the transmission network of the distribution company, like QESCO, from blackout, but also protects smart grid from blackouts and other power collapses.
This paper analyzes the balance and harmonization between two spectrum allocation models i.e. property rights and commons. It highlights the current regulatory approach towards migration to next generation wireless networks and proposes a balanced and fair approach for reform of spectrum policy.
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