Auxin and cytokinin regulate different critical processes involved in plant growth and environmental feedbacks. These plant hormones act either synergistically or antagonistically to control the organisation, formation and maintenance of meristem. Meristem cells can be divided to generate new tissues and organs at the locations of plant postembryonic development. The aboveground plant organs are created by the shoot apical meristem (SAM). It has been proposed that the phytohormone, cytokinin, plays a positive role in the shoot meristem function, promotes cell expansion and promotes an increasing size of the meristem in Arabidopsis, whereas it has the reverse effects in the root apical meristem (RAM). Over the last few decades, it has been believed that the apically derived auxin suppresses the shoot branching by inactivating the axillary buds. However, it has recently become clear that the mechanism of action of auxinis indirect and multifaceted. In higher plants, the regulatory mechanisms of the SAM formation and organ separation are mostly unknown. This study reviews the effects and functions of cytokinin and auxin at the shoot apical meristem. This study also highlights the merger of the transcription factor activity with the actions of cytokinin/auxin and their complex interactions with the shoot meristem in rice.
In this study, the effects of phenyl-urea (Thidiazuron) and adenine (6-benzylaminopurine) and 6-y,y,dimethylally-amino purine type cytokinins alone or in combination with indole-3-butyric acid on shoot regeneration from hypocotyl and cotyledonary explants of Brassica oleracea ssp. capitata "KY Cross" were investigated. For hypocotyl explants, medium containing 2.27 µM Thidiazuron showed the highest mean number (18.15) of separable shoots per explant with 80% shoot formation. In the case of cotyledonary explants, the highest mean number of shoots (3.03) was obtained on medium containing 12.30 µM 6-y,y,dimethylally-amino purine with a percentage of 56.67% shoot formation. Plantlets were successfully acclimatized with 70% survival in potting medium consisting of coconut husk+vermicompost (7 : 1 v/v). The regeneration system developed herewith will be a valuable tool for genetic improvement of cabbage "KY Cross".
There has been a shift from institutional to community based care for patients with mental illnesses. With increasing prevalence of psychiatric illness, more patients are being treated in the community which can affect the quality of life of caregivers. Objective: To determine the quality of life of caregivers of patients with psychiatric illness on follow up in public hospitals providing outpatient psychiatric services in Penang, Malaysia. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted 221 randomly recruited patients and their caregivers. These caregivers were interviewed face-to-face using WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire to evaluate their quality of life. Results: Caregiver's single, widowed and divorced status (ANOVA=3.09, p=0.029), lower level of education (ANOVA=4.18, p-value 0.017) and Chinese race (ANOVA=6.98, p-value<0.001) were significantly associated with the poor QOL. Whereas, the patient's Chinese race (ANOVA=10.17, p-value<0.0001) and profession (ANOVA=3.15, p-value<0.002) were significantly associated with the caregiver's quality of life. Conclusion: It is important for health care providers and policy makers to understand the factors that influence the quality of life of caregivers considering more patients with psychiatric illness are being cared for in the community.
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