Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of favorite fruits for Indonesian people and known as a good vitamin source. Recently, a ring spot disease was reported in some growing areas and it potentially caused yield loss. The disease is caused by Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) and considered as a new disease in Indonesia. Therefore, preliminary research was done to study the response of some varieties of papaya against PRSV infection. Field isolates of PRSV were collected from Medan, Aceh, and Bogor. Identification of the isolates was done based on the nucleotide sequence analysis of coat protein gene. Response of papaya varieties was evaluated based on the results of mechanical inoculation. Identification results showed that the nucleotide sequences of PRSV isolates Medan, Aceh, and Bogor, have a high similarity to that from other countries, i.e. Thailand, Australia, China, Japan, Vietnam, and Taiwan (93.0-98.3%). Disease incidence reached 100% for all isolates of PRSV on all test varieties, although based on the DIBA's result, it was known that the virus titer in plants are different. No varieties of papaya showed resistant to PRSV.Keywords: DIBA, mechanical inoculation, RT-PCR, nucleotide sequences. ABSTRAKPepaya (Carica papaya L.) merupakan salah satu buah yang banyak mengandung vitamin dan banyak dikonsumsi masyarakat Indonesia. Beberapa tahun terakhir dilaporkan munculnya penyakit bercak cincin yang menyebabkan menurunnya produksi pepaya di beberapa daerah. Penyakit bercak cincin ini disebabkan oleh Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) dan merupakan penyakit baru di Indonesia. Penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mendeteksi dan mempelajari respons beberapa varietas pepaya terhadap infeksi PRSV. Isolat PRSV yang digunakan berasal dari Medan, Aceh, dan Bogor. Identifikasi isolat dilakukan berdasarkan analisis sekuen nukleotida pada gen protein selubung. Evaluasi respons varietas pepaya didasarkan pada hasil inokulasi mekanis virus. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa sekuen nukleotida PRSV isolat Medan, Aceh, dan Bogor memiliki kemiripan yang tinggi dengan sekuen nukleotida PRSV dari negara lain, yaitu Thailand, Australia, Cina, Jepang, Vietnam, dan Taiwan (93,3%). Insidensi penyakit mencapai 100% untuk semua isolat PRSV pada semua varietas uji, walaupun berdasarkan hasil DIBA diketahui bahwa titer virus pada tanaman berbeda-beda. Semua varietas pepaya menunjukkan respons tidak tahan terhadap infeksi semua isolat PRSV.Kata kunci: DIBA, inokulasi mekanis, RT-PCR, sekuen nukleotida. Hak Cipta
ABSTRAKNematoda puru akar (NPA) Meloidogyne spp. merupakan parasit utama tanaman seledri (Apium graveolens) yang menimbulkan kerugian. Identifikasi spesies Meloidogyne pada seledri di Indonesia belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi spesies Meloidogyne pada seledri secara morfologi. Contoh tanaman seledri yang terinfeksi oleh Meloidogyne spp. diambil dengan metode purposif di Desa Ciputri, Kecamatan Pacet, Kabupaten Cianjur, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Nematoda di dalam jaringan akar dideteksi dengan metode pewarnaan asam fuksin. Identifikasi spesies Meloidogyne dilakukan dengan pengamatan morfologi pola perineal betina. Gejala penyakit puru akar pada seledri ialah daun menguning, kerdil, dan pertumbuhan tanaman di lahan tidak merata. Gejala pada perakaran berupa puru akar berukuran kecil-kecil, jumlahnya banyak dan membentuk untaian seperti rantai. Berbagai stadium perkembangan nematoda, yaitu telur, juvenil, dan nematoda betina berhasil dideteksi melalui pewarnaan pada jaringan akar. Tiga spesies Meloidogyne diidentifikasi sebagai M. incognita, M. arenaria, dan M. javanica.Kata kunci: identifikasi morfologi, jaringan akar, pewarnaan asam fuksin, pola perineal betina ABSTRACT Root knot nematodes (RKN) Meloidogyne spp. is the primary parasite of celery and reported to cause losses up to 70%. Identification of the Meloidogyne species on celery in Indonesia has not been reported. This study was aimed to identify the species of Meloidogyne on celery based on morphology characters. Samples of Meloidogyne-infected celery plants were taken using purposive sampling method from Ciputri Village, District of Pacet, Cianjur, West Java Province. RKN inside root tissue was detected by acid fuchsin staining method. Meloidogyne species identification was done by morphological observation of female perineal pattern. Disease symptoms found in the field include leaf yellowing, stunted, and uneven growth of celery plants. Roots of infected plants showed the formation of small size root knots, in large numbers and forming strands like a chain. Staining NPA in root tissue was successfully detected various stages of nematode development, i.e. eggs, juveniles and female nematodes. Three Meloidogyne species, namely M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. javanica were identified.
Abstract. The ripeness of the oil palm Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) determines the yield of the oil produced. Traditionally there are two ways to determine FFB ripeness which are the number of loose fruits and the color changes. Nevertheless, one drawback of visual determination is subjective and qualitative judgment. In this study, the FFB ripeness was investigated using laser based image processing technique. The advantages of using this technique are non-destructive, simple and quantitative. The working principle of the investigation is that a FFB is inserted into a light tight box which contains a laser diode and a CMOS camera, the FFB is illuminated, and then an image is recorded. The FFB image recorder was performed on four FFB fractions i.e. F0, F3, F4 and F5 on the front and rear surfaces at three sections. The recorded images are speckled granules that have light intensity variation (bio-speckle imaging). The feature extracted from the specked image is the contrast value obtained from the average gray value intensity and the standard deviation. Based on the contrast values, the four fractions of FFB can be grouped into three levels of ripeness of unripe (F0), ripe (F3) and overripe (F4 and F5) on the front surface of base section of FFB by 75%.
Cyanide is one of the toxic materials in the environment and is included as a hazardous waste. One agro-industrial wastewater containing cyanide is from tapioca industry. Various methods, including constructed wetlands, can reduce cyanide compounds in wastewater. Some plants used in wetlands technology include Pistia stratiotes and C. zizanioides, L. This study aimed to analyse the effect of Pistia stratiotes and C. zizanioides, L and media height on cyanide reduction for 15 days. The highest cyanide reduction rate was in the treatment of Pistia stratiotes and C. zizanioides, L with a media ratio of 1:1 and a cyanide concentration of 1 mg/L and in vetiver grass plants with a media ratio of 1:1, 3:1 and 1:3 with cyanide concentration 1 mg/L was 0.1698 mg/L while the lowest rate of cyanide reduction was in the treatment of Pistia stratiotes and vetiver grass and a cyanide concentration of 0.2 mg/L was 0.0627 mg/L.
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