No abstract

Multiple-injection has shown significant benefits in the reduction of combustion emissions and soot formation. However, there is a need to understand the secondary flow-induced air-fuel mixture formation and subsequent combustion mechanism under multiple-injection. An experiment was performed by changing the dwell time between the pilot and main injections under the conditions of 23 kg/m 3 ambient density with 0% O 2 (noncombusting) and 15% O 2 (combusting) ambient conditions, at an injection pressure of 120 MPa. The mass ratios of pilot and main injections in the study were 15%/85% and 20%/80%. A hybrid shadowgraph and Mie scattering imaging technique in a nearly simultaneous mode along the same line of sight was used to visualize the spray and flame luminosity. Pilot-main spray flame properties including ignition delay, ignition location, and lift-off length were characterized from experimental images. CFD simulation of pilot-main spray combustion was performed under the same experimental conditions to provide additional insights into the combustion process. The air-fuel mixing field and ignition process followed by main injection flame structure are significantly altered at different dwells. The spray-to-flame interaction mechanism model has been established for the development of an optimal multiple-injection scheme for, possibly, low soot formation and emissions. .

Summary C4d immunostaining in the peritubular capillaries (PTC) is a marker of antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR). We evaluated the histopathologic diagnoses of 388 renal transplant biopsies since the implementation of routine C4d immunostaining at our center. Of these, 155 (40%) biopsies had evidence of acute cellular rejection (ACR), out of which 119 (77%) had pure ACR, 31 (20%) had ACR with concomitant features of AMR, and five (3%) had ACR with focal C4d staining. Sixty‐four (16%) biopsies exhibited features of AMR [33 (52%) pure AMR, and 31(48%) concomitant AMR and ACR]. One hundred and fifty‐five (40%) biopsies had features of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA). Of these, 20 (13%) had concomitant AMR [13 (8.5%) had pure AMR and seven (4.5%) had concomitant ACR and AMR]. Creatinine at the time of biopsy was higher in patients with mixed ACR and AMR and the clinical behavior of mixed lesions is more aggressive over time. Despite having a lower serum creatinine at the time of biopsy, patients with IFTA experienced gradual decline in graft function over time. The pathologic findings in renal allograft biopsies are often mixed and mixed lesions appear to have more aggressive clinical behavior. These findings suggest the need for change in the Banff classification system to better capture the complexity of renal allograft pathologies.

The energy grids became a cardiovascular system of the today's civilization. In the recent years the new political initiatives aiming at reducing the pollution by increasing the share of energy generated by renewables have gained momentum, which introduces novel challenges and use cases. In the paper we investigate the utility and report our experiences of deploying a prototype wind-turbine monitoring solution based on the recently developed low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology named LoRaWAN. We engineer, instrument and deploy the complete end-to-end solution, starting from the power generation monitoring sensor node and up to the IoT platform with a web-based graphical user interface. The details of the design and deployment choices, and the results and lessons learned coming from analysis of operation of the deployed system over the ninemonth period are reported. These results show that LPWANs in general and LoRaWAN technology in particular is suitable for monitoring the energy infrastructure.

Renal biopsy can be relatively safe in this population, may help elucidate the etiology of renal failure, may predict post-LAT kidney function, and may be helpful in kidney allocation for liver transplant candidates.