The objective is to determine the frequency of different congenital heart diseases and their association in children with Down syndrome (DS). MethodologyThis cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the pediatric department of Peshawar Institute of Cardiology, Peshawar, Pakistan from August 2021 to July 2022. A total of 123 children with DS and congenital heart disease (CHD) were included in this cross-sectional study. Detailed history and examination were performed, and findings were documented on performed pro forma. Diagnosis of CHD was confirmed through two-dimensional (2D) and Doppler echocardiography performed by a pediatric cardiologist. Patients were managed according to standard protocols and guidelines. The data including age, gender, mother's age at the time of birth, type of CHD and growth failure were documented and analyzed. Percentages were used to express frequencies. ResultsThe mean age was 2.2 years ± 3.4 years (interquartile range (IQR): 10 days to 14 years). There were 65 (52.8%) male and 58 (47.1%) female patients. Out of 123 patients, 101 (82.1%) had acyanotic CHD and 22 (17.8%) had cyanotic CHD. Among acyanotic CHD, isolated ventricular septal defect (VSD) was the most common observation in 23 (22.3%) and among cyanotic CHD, tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) in seven (31.8%) patients. The most common associations of CHD were VSD+ patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in 11 (9%) patients and atrial septal defect (ASD)+PDA in nine (7.3%) patients. The median age of the mother at delivery was 31 years (interquartile range (IQR): 20 years to 45 years). Growth failure was seen in 70 (56.9%) patients. ConclusionBased on our data, VSD is the most common CHD followed by a complete atrio-VSD (CAVSD) in children with DS. The most common association of CHD in DS is VSD with PDA. Growth failure is seen in most of the patients with DS having a CHD.
The objective is to share our experience of trans-catheter device closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and review its efficacy and immediate complications.
To ease hardware design process, circuits are normally designed in description languages such as Verilog and VHDL. The correctness of circuits is normally checked by exhaustive simulation in simulators such as Icarus and VCS. Both the description languages Verilog/VHDL and simulators Icarus/VCS do not have mathematical foundations and hence are not reliable and cannot be used to mathematically prove correctness of circuit designs. Hardware description languages with mathematical (formal) foundation such as VeriFormal, on the other hand, are more reliable, trustworthy and can be used for robust design. In this paper, we report our results of formal verifications of two simple hardware circuits designed in the formal description language VeriFormal. Using the VeriFormal simulator and the accompanied type checker tools, we prove reliability properties type safety, functional correctness and functional equivalence of the digital circuits.
Aim: To determine the frequency of UTI in children presented with diarrhea. Study Design: Cross-sectional Place and Duration: Pediatrics department of Alkhidmat Hospital, Peshawar and Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore for six months duration from October 2020 to March 2021. Methodology: Total 120 patients of both gender with ages 2 months to 5 years were enrolled in this study. After taking written consent from parents/guardians, detailed demographics including age, sex, residence, severity and complete medical history were examined and recorded. Urine samples were obtained for examination of urine culture. Data was analyzed by SPSS 24.0. Results: There were 78 (65%) males while 42 (35%) patients were females. 58 (48.33%) patients were ages <1 years, 45 (37.5%) had ages between 1 to 3 years and 17 (14.17%) were ages of >3 years. 36 (30%) patients had mild, 50 (41.67%) had moderate and 34 (28.33%) had severe diarrhea. UTI was found in 40 (33.33%) patients. E.coli was the commonest organism found in 28 (70%) patients followed by K. pneumonia in 12 (30%) patients. Conclusion: Frequency of urinary tract infection was high among children with diarrhea. E.coli was the commonest organism associated with UTI. Keywords: Urinary Tract Infection, Diarrhea, Children
Objective: To identify the frequency of congenital heart disease (CHD) in various Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) divisions.Materials and methods: To perform this research, we reviewed the medical records of pediatric cardiology patients hospitalized between January 2022 and July 2022. Data was taken from the cardiology department's computerized data system between January 1 and July 31, 2022. To prevent any errors in diagnosis and address them during input by the ward clerk, patients' addresses, diagnoses, and gender were verified with the computerized medical record. Data were analyzed, and frequency and percentages were calculated. Per the digital mapping of KPK districts, we stratified and examined the data among various KPK divisions.Results: Out Of the 371 patients with CHD who were admitted, 36.98% (137) were from the Peshawar division, 28.84% (107) from the Malakand division, 16.71% (62) from the Mardan division, 6.1% (23) from the Kohat division, 4.3% ( 16) from the Bannu division, 3.5% (13) from the Dera Ismail Khan division, and 3.5% (13) from the Hazara division. A total of 371 had CHD, of which 234 (63.07%) were cyanotic and 137 (36.92%) were cyanotic. The most prevalent acynotic congenital heart defect was patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) at 36.32% (85), followed by a ventricular septal defect (VSD) at 35.04 (82). The most frequent acyanotic congenital cardiac abnormality was tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) at 49.63% (68), which was followed by transposition of the great arteries (TGA) at 33.57% (46). Conclusion:In KPK, congenital heart disease is most prevalent in the divisions of Peshawar and Malakand, while it is least prevalent in Hazara.
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