A erobic metabolism and oxidative stress lead to the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS induce oxidative damage to macromolecules, such as proteins, lipids, and DNA, ultimately inducing cell death and disease. In proteins, oxidation modification occurs mainly at the sulfur-containing amino acids, such as cysteine (Cys) and methionine (Met) (1). Oxidation of methionine leads to the formation of the R and S diastereomers of methionine sulfoxide (MetO) and results in either conformational change or loss of function of proteins (2). However, this oxidation can be reversed by the action of methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr), a ubiquitous monomeric enzyme that reduces both free and protein-bound MetO by employing sulfenic acid chemistry (3). Two structurally unrelated classes of Msrs, MsrAs and MsrBs, reduce the S and R MetO diastereoisomers, respectively. MsrA has been implicated in physiological processes, such as protection of cells against oxidative damage and extension of the life span, and acts as a virulence factor in some bacterial pathogens (4-6).MsrAs can be classified into three groups, 3-Cys, 2-Cys, and 1-Cys MsrAs, according to the number of redox-active Cys residues. Three-Cys MsrAs, such as the Escherichia coli and Bos taurus enzymes, have three Cys residues involved in catalysis, one of which functions as a catalytic residue and the other two as resolving residues (7,8). Two-Cys MsrAs, such as the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Streptococcus pneumoniae enzymes, possess a single resolving Cys in addition to the catalytic Cys (4, 9). The 3-Cys and 2-Cys MsrAs present similar catalytic mechanisms. First, the catalytic Cys residue attacks a sulfoxide moiety of the substrate and then forms a sulfenic acid intermediate, with a concomitant release of Met as a product. Second, the sulfenic acid of the catalytic Cys forms an intramolecular disulfide bond with a resolving Cys. For 2-Cys MsrAs, this disulfide bond is directly reduced by a reducing agent to regenerate the active form of the enzyme, such as thioredoxin (Trx), which is a natural reducing agent for Msrs. For 3-Cys MsrAs, which perform an extra thiol-disulfide exchange reaction, the first disulfide bond is further reduced by the second

This paper discusses the Method of Tahfidz Al-Quran at the Boarding Schools in the Regency

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A yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated strain GZJT-2 T , was isolated from the stem ofHylomecon japonica (Thunb.) Prantl et Kü ndig collected from Taibai Mountain in Shaanxi Province, north-west China. Cells of strain GZJT-2 T were Gram-reaction-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and non-motile. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain GZJT-2 T was a member of the genus Sphingomonas, with sequence similarities of 92.1-96.9 % to type strains of recognized species of the genus Sphingomonas (92.1 % to Sphingomonas oligoaromativorans SY-6 T and 96.9 % to Sphingomonas oligophenolica JCM 12082 T ). Strain GZJT-2 T contained ubiquinone-10 (Q-10)as the predominant respiratory quinone and sym-homospermidine as the major polyamine. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (comprising C 18 : 1 v7c and/or C 18 : 1 v6c), summed feature 3 (comprising C 16 : 1 v7c and/or C 16 : 1 v6c), C 16 : 0 and C 14 : 0 2-OH. Phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingoglycolipid, four unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminolipid and four unidentified lipids were detected in the polar lipid profile. The DNA G+C content was 62.5¡0.3 mol%. On the basis of data from phenotypic, phylogenetic and DNA-DNA relatedness studies, strain GZJT-2 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas, for which the name Sphingomonas hylomeconis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GZJT-2 T (5 CCTCC AB 2013304 T 5 KCTC 42739 T ).

No abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the role and responsibilities of teachers in implementing character building in Madrasah Aliyah

Forest fragmentation has resulted in a breakdown in connectivity for arboreal species. Effects of fragmentation are particularly acute in forest patches in densely populated countries, resulting in high mortality in many species attempting to cross roads to travel between forest patches. We evaluated the use of three, single-line artificial canopy bridges made of polypropylene ropes in a forest patch in northeastern Bangladesh. Camera traps were used to determine the extent of bridge use by different species. A total of 1060 events of bridge use by mammals were observed using our artificial canopy bridges over the 157 camera trap days. Eight mammal species, including five primate species, two squirrel species and one palm civet species were recorded using the bridges at varying levels of frequency. The location of the bridge and season influenced bridge use. We did not observe mortality of mammals from road accidents or electrocution during the study period. We suggest that artificial canopy bridges increased connectivity between forest patches and reduced mortality from road accidents and electrocution. We strongly recommend the use of this and other, simple canopy bridges to prevent mortality of arboreal mammals.

This study combines air pollution tolerance index (APTI) and anticipated performance index (API) in order to determine the potential of trees and ornamental shrubs that are frequently growing on the roads of Quetta, Pakistan, and the campus of the University of Balochistan, in Quetta, for green belt development. Our investigation exposed that not only APTI is suitable for the fitness of trees for building green belts. It is used to categorize vulnerable plant species for only bio-monitoring. The grouping of APTI and API in the present study is a practical technique for decreasing air pollution control. Laboratory analysis for APTI was carry out by the four physico-biological factors such as leaf extract pH, total chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid content, and relative water content. API for different plant species (trees and ornamental shrubs) was determined depending upon the characteristic grading by allotted + or-to the plants. The standard for determining API is given in Table 2. For examining the relationships among these factors statistics were utilized. This study indicated that the APTI is used as an instrument for choosing suitable plants to reduce environmental urban heat. API designated that Morus alba L., Pinus halepensis Miller, Ficus carica L., and Pistacia vera L. with API = 6 are excellent performers for green belt development. Morus nigra L. and Malus pumila Miller had API 5 and are considered very good performers, and Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl., Prunus armeniaca L., and Platycladus orientalis L. showed 4 API values with good performance for green belt formation. All the other remaining investigated trees and ornamental shrubs demonstrated poor values of API