Objectives: This study has been conducted in a tertiary care hospital to observe the frequency of congenital birth defects in newborn babies born at, Hyderabad, Sindh. Study Design: Prospective observation study. Setting: The Departments of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad. Period: Two years from 2016 to 2018. Material & Methods: All the pregnant women irrespective of their parity and were included in the study after getting informed and written consent from their family heads and after the approval from Hospital’s ethical committee. We have used SPSS version 21.0 software for both data entering and analysis. All the continuous variables were analyzed using student t test and categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square test. P-value of ≤0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: A total of 150 pregnant women were included in our study with their mean age and SD was 26.72 ± 7.07 years and the mean years of marriage were 5.95±6 years. Most of the women were multiparous (47%), as compared to nulliparous and grandmultiparous, 33% and 20%, respectively. The prevalence of congenital birth defect was 11.3%, of these 30% had CNS malformations followed by 30% with gastrointestinal, 24% musculoskeletal, 12% genitourinary and 4% had ear malformations. Conclusion: The interfamily marriages (consanguineous marriages) are more common than outside family in study population. The frequency of birth defects was more than i-e: twice higher in interfamily marriages than outside family marriages.

Objective: Frequency of Glucose – 6- Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency in neonates presenting with jaundice Study design: A cross-sectional study Place and Duration: Pediatric department, civil hospital Karachi from January to June 2019 Methodology: The study included all infants who were hospitalized in the neonatology unit with jaundice. At the beginning of the trial, the parents of each neonate gave their assent after being assured that there would be no monitoring burden placed on the parents for the examinations. When entering the hospital, the researcher himself completed a predesigned proforma that asked for specific details about the patient's age, sex, ethnicity, jaundice onset age, consanguinity, and family history of G6PD deficiency. Investigations on newborns included measuring serum bilirubin and looking for signs of G6PD deficiency. (Estimation of G6PD enzymes). Sigma Diagnostic G6PD Reagent was used to estimate the G6PD enzymes for the qualitative, visual, and calorimetric assessment of G6PD deficit in red blood cells. When the sample's deep blue colour changes Results: 174 infants with jaundice in total were included during the study period. Participants in the study had an average age of 16.12 +/- 7.2 days. 95 (54.6%) of the 174 study participants were men, and the male-to-female ratio was 1.2:1. It started at an average age of 8.83.8 days. 79 (45.5%) out of a total of 117 (67.2%) participants are Pathans by consanguineous marriage. 23 (13.2%) of the 174 subjects were G6PD deficient. According to a stratified analysis, out of 23 G6PD-deficient newborns, 11 (47.8%) were between 1 and 11 days old, 19 (82.6%) were between 0 and 6 days old, and 14 (60.8%) had blood bilirubin levels below 15 mg/dl. Conclusion: It was concluded that G6PD is a common cause of neonatal jaundice in our setup. Keywords: Neonates, Jaundice, G6PD deficiency

Sample size calculated was 99 by using WHO sample size calculator. Patients of either gender, aging 2-12 years, diagnosed as enteric fever were eligible for study. One hundred eligible patients selected through non-probability consecutive sampling technique were recruited in the study, after seeking an informed consent from the parents. These patients were randomized through lottery method in two groups of equal size (n=50 each). Group A, received oral azithromycin suspension/capsule (10mg/kg/day; maximum dose, 500mg/day) administered once daily for 7 days, while Group B received intravenous (I/V) ceftriaxone (75mg/kg/day; maximum dose, 2.5 g/day) administered twice daily for 10 days. The clinical response to the therapy of both drugs was calculated in terms of number of days taken for defervescence. Data was analyzed in SPSS version 22.0. RESULTS: Out of 100 patients, 64 (64%) were males and 36 (36%) were females and mean age of patients was 7.08±3.013 years. Patients on azithromycin had the mean time of defervescence 4.08±0.922 days and patients on ceftriaxone, the mean time of defervescence was 4.06±1.038 (p=0.919). CONCLUSION: There is no significant difference between oral azithromycin and intravenous ceftriaxone in term of defervescence period for the treatment of enteric fever in children. Azithromycin could be a suitable alternative owing to its convenient dosing and monitored on outpatient basis.

Aim: The aim of conducting this study is to evaluate the role of yogurt in the dietary management of diarrhea in the severe malnutriated children. Study Design: Observational prospective study. Place and Duration: Nutrition Stabilization Center, Department of Pediatrics Civil Hospital Hyderabad from 1st July 2018 to 31st December 2018. Methodology: A total of 100 children with severe acute malnutrition and Diarrhea, age 6 months to 5 years were enrolled. After admitting children were treated with yogurt instead of fluids, f-75 and ORS. Within 7 days of admission we observed and recorded that children tolerated the breast milk and yogurt, clinically improvement, General condition, Edema, Sunken eyes, Thirst, Skin pinch, Weight gain and Social response of baby. Chi-square test was also applied to observe the difference efficacy of yogurt in diarrhea in children suffering from malnutrition. P-value ≤0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Most of the children were 13 to 48 months of age. The average age and weight of the children was 32.04±13.53 months and 5.23±1.39kg respectively. Average number of stool was significantly reduced at day 1 and day 5. Overall it was observed that efficacy of yogurt in diarrhea in children suffering from malnutrition was 69%. Conclusion: This study suggest that yogurt-based diet is effective in treating diarrhea in severely acute malnourished children. It should be granted priority in the nutritional management of severe malnutriated children affected by diarrhea.

Background: Patients worldwide are affected by diabetes mellitus (DM), one of the most frequent diseases in the world. Various organs and systems in the body are affected by diabetic complications, which can be either microvascular or macrovascular in nature. Finding out and preventing these variables is critical to improving the quality of life for diabetics. Objective: To assess the poor glycemic control and its association with affected factors it in our diabetes population. Material and Methods: This Observational study was conducted on 80 patients in the Department of Pediatric (Unit II), Liquate University Hospital, Jamshoro/Hyderabad for six months from 1st January to 30th June 2021. Diabetic children between the ages of 1 and 15 who had Type-1DM and were on insulin therapy at LUMHS Hospital Jamshoro/Hyderabad were eligible for inclusion. Using a pre-tested structured questionnaire, we asked particular questions of each child after they had been inspected and their family history was gathered. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 Results: A total of 80 patients were enrolled in this study. Table: 1 shows the age and gender profile of the children. The most of the children were in the age group 5 to 12 years, with a p-value of 0.0001. As demonstrated in Table 2, the Subject had Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Fatigability and weight loss due to Diabetic ketoacidosis, the prevalence of consanguinity in the family, average monthly earnings, and the cost of insulin and glucose control. Table 3 shows weight and height. Graph I (p=0.0001) reveal that 14 (17.5%), 17 (21.2%), and 49 (61.2%) participants had good, fair, or poor glycemic control, respectively. Conclusion: Uncontrolled diabetes and complications are linked to poor insulin adherence, which is the mainstay of treatment. It is suggested that this topic be explored further. Keywords: Factors affecting, Glycemic Control, Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus, Complications, Insulin