The term “clean agriculture” refers to a kind of farming that does not include synthetic inputs like fertilizers and pesticides. Various may think that the methods of clean agriculture are one method, but they have many ways, all of which come under the development of important natural systems. Bio and organic agriculture is an integral part of clean agriculture. Bio and organic agriculture rely on well-established scientific foundations related to the natural balance in the universe. They are preserving natural resources such as soil, water and air elements in the production of clean crops, in addition to several factors that must be combined and optimally utilized in protecting crops from various disease and insect infestations, as well as taking care of the environment and preserving it from pollution.
This study was conducted over a period of 52 days to determine the effects of fish stocking density on the water quality, growth performance of tilapia and yield of butterhead lettuce cultivated in decoupled recirculation aquaponic systems (DRAPS). In this study, three respective tilapia stocking densities (treatments) of 8 kg•m-3 , 10 kg•m-3 , and 12 kg•m-3 were used to evaluate the butterhead lettuce in the DRAPS, which consist of two independent loops. All treatments were done in triplicates. The results showed with increased stocking density, the electrical conductivity, total dissolved substances and salinity increased and dissolved oxygen decline. The results showed that the highest stocking density produced the highest nutrients accumulation of ammonia-nitrogen (NH 3-N), ammonium (NH 4), nitrite-nitrogen (NO 2-N) and nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3-N) and potassium (K) except for phosphorus (P). Nevertheless, based on the conversion of fish feed to NO 3-N and P per kilogram of feeds, the lowest stocking density provided the highest concentration of NO 3-N and P. It was documented that DRAPS relied solely on the fish waste produced an insufficient concentration of N, P, K and iron. The average survival rate of tilapia in all treatments was above 94% and was not a significant difference among the treatments.
The present investigation was aimed at enhancing the quality and productivity of barley by the fertilizer and chitosan application. The field experiments were conducted in the northern region of Jordan, under the rain fed conditions in the main growing seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. The experiment was conducted in a well-designed split-plot having three replications and two fertilizer levels (0 and 100 kg•ha-1 DAP (Diammonium phosphate 46% P 2 O 5). Chitosan, in three different concentrations (0, 5, and 10 g•L-1), was randomly applied to all fertilized plots as subplot treatments. The results revealed the highest seed dry weight (5.8 g per plant) in the plants treated with 100 kg•ha-1 of DAP, while the lowest (5.2 g per plant) was recorded in the control which exhibited an increase of about 10%. However, other parameters, namely the number of grains, number of spikes, and number of grains were also found to be influenced by the chitosan treatment. Significant variation (P<0.01) were also high between the lines in the presence and absence of chitosan application. The highest number of grain yield, number of spikes, and grains/spike were found by the foliar treatment of 10 g•L-1 chitosan to barley plants at the tillering stage. Similarly, the grain quality, particularly with respect to protein and starch, was found to be enhanced significantly over control. The highest protein (12.6%) and starch (62.3%) were obtained with 100 kg•ha-1 DAP fertilizer level mixed with 10 g•L-1 chitosan. Hence, based on results, it can be concluded that the fertilizer level 100 kg•ha-1 DAP combined with 10 g•L-1 chitosan is economically best and recommendable for improving the quality and productivity of barley in the northern region of Jordan.
Phosphorus is an essential constituent of many organic components of biological importance. The deficiency of phosphorus impairs growth and reproductive process; phosphorus cannot be replaced by any another element in all respects and is uniquely associated with essential metabolites. Phosphorus is required for proper growth development and maturity of field crops. This present review is focused on the role of phosphate solubilizing bacteria in the enhancement of plant growth
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