Groundwater quality is a major environmental aspect which needs to be analyzed and managed depending on its spatial distribution. Utilization of insufficient management of groundwater resources in Gaza Strip, Palestine, produces not only a reduction in quantity but also deterioration in quality of groundwater. The aim of this study is to provide an overview for evaluation of groundwater quality in the Gaza Strip area as a case study for applying spatially distributed by using Geographic Information System (GIS) and geostatistical algorithms. The groundwater quality parameters, pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, and fluoride, were sampled and analyzed from the existing municipal and agricultural wells in Gaza Strip; maps of each parameter were created using geostatistical (Kriging) approach. Experimental semivariogram values were tested for different ordinary Kriging models to identify the best fitted for the ten water quality parameters and the best models were selected on the basis of mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), average standard error (ASE), and root mean square standardized error (RMSSE). Maps of 10 groundwater quality parameters were used to calculate the groundwater quality index (GWQI) map using the index method. In general, the results showed that this integrated method is a sufficient assessment tool for environmental spatially distributed parameters.
a b s t r a c tReuse of wastewater is a sustainable and renewable source of water, mainly used in the agricultural sector and can contribute to rural development. Agriculture is the second highest sector for water consumption in the Gaza Strip, using more than 50% of water abstractions from the stressed polluted Gaza's coastal aquifer. This paper aims to present and evaluate two available wastewater post-treatment options which could be employed to reuse wastewater for agriculture in Gaza: sand filtration using a textured geomembrane sand filter and the Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) system. This evaluation is based on applying hierarchy grey relational analysis and the comparison matrix through an environmental assessment for each option using a semi-empirical methodology that combines results from field tests and computer hydrological simulations. In addition, it is based on a social and economic and the operational aspects for the Gaza City Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and its infiltration basin. The evaluation factors for the two options are juxtaposed in a Comparison Matrix with associated weighted scores and predefined scales to quantify the evaluation process before using the hierarchy grey relational analysis. The results show that the operational costs and the environmental aspects are the main factors that affect the evaluation process for wastewater post-treatment options. The sand filtration (with textured geomembrane) option is ranked higher than the SAT system for this particular case study with an overall integrated grey relational grade equal to 0.3276, compared to 0.2596 for the SAT system.
Heavy metals such as Cu(II) and Mn(II) are prevalent in the environment. The effect of heavy metals on the soils environment is based on the ability of soils to mobilize these contaminants. According to the soil decontamination perspective, examining the reaction technique between heavy metals and soil is indispensable. This study carried out experiments to investigate Cu(II) and Mn(II) adsorption behaviour in quartz sand. The isothermal adsorption results for Cu(II) and Mn(II) presented that the adsorption capacity reached the peak value when the initial concentration was about 10 mg/L. The declines of H+ ions could uprise the adsorption rate activity for Cu(II) and Mn(II) and decrease the soil ability of the desorption for Cu(II) and Mn(II) ions. The adsorption rate of Cu(II) and Mn(II) is lower than the desorption rate under the situation of a low pH range with a solid acidic and low concentration of Cu(II) and Mn(II). The Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models were applied to investigate the adsorption isotherm of Cu(II) and Mn(II). The study results confirmed that the Freundlich model synchronous the best with the observed experimental data compared with the Langmuir solution.
The groundwater is the primary source for irrigation and other purposes in the Gaza Strip. The low irrigational water quality effects on the soil quality, which interrupts the growth of plants impacting agricultural yield and can cause risk to human health. Thus, it is essential to evaluate the water quality for irrigation uses. Therefore, it is a need to understand irrigation water quality better. This study mainly focuses on the assessment of the suitability of water for irrigation. Water quality indices, known as sodium adsorption ratio, exchangeable sodium per cent (SSP or %Na), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Kelly’s rate (KR), permeability index (PI), chloroalkaline indices (CAI1 and CAI2), potential salinity (PS), magnesium hazard (MH), total dissolved solids (TDS) and total hardness (TH), have been calculated for several wells. The majority of the wells are falling under the wrong category of water for irrigation purposes.
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