Current tuberculosis (TB) treatment suffers from complexity of the dosage regimens, length of treatment, and toxicity risks. Many natural products have shown activity against drug-susceptible, drug-resistant, and latent/dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen responsible for TB infections. Natural sources, including plants, fungi, and bacteria, provide a rich source of chemically diverse compounds equipped with unique pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties. This review focuses on natural products as starting points for the discovery and development of novel anti-TB chemotherapy and classifies them based on their chemical nature. The classes discussed are divided into alkaloids, chalcones, flavonoids, peptides, polyketides, steroids, and terpenes. This review also highlights the importance of collaboration between phytochemistry, medicinal chemistry, and physical chemistry, which is very important for the development of these natural compounds.

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Pelger-Huët anomaly (PHA) is a rare benign autosomal-dominant anomaly with an incidence of ∼1 in 6000. It does not cause neutrophilia, but it can cause a false increase in band forms. It should be differentiated from acquired or pseudo-Pelger-Huët anomaly (PPHA), which has similar morphology, however; it is associated with different pathological states like Myelodysplastic syndrome, as well as with certain infections and drugs. We report a case of a 67-year-old Caucasian gentleman with past medical history of rheumatoid arthritis, type II diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism, who presented with 1 day history of fever (101°F) and night sweats. Medications include ibuprofen, methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine and levothyroxine. Patient denied any other symptoms. His work-up showed normal WBC count (8.6) and increase in bands (24%). The patient was admitted for further evaluation. During the next 2 days, the patient did not have any fever or any new symptoms. Peripheral blood smear was done as part of his work-up for bandemia, showed findings suggestive of PHA. Ibuprofen was discontinued. Follow-up few weeks later showed normal blood smear. Diagnosis of PPHA was made. The presented case showed that we should think of PHA\PPHA in any case with normal total WBC count and significant shift to the lift with no apparent explanation. Looking at smears directly under the microscopes is crucial to make diagnosis.

Highlights COVID-19 can cause a hyperinflammatory state akin to cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Our report shows the efficacy and safety of using anti-IL-6/IL-6-R therapy in 31 patients. Treatment at the onset of severe CRS may be the ideal window for intervention. Long term effects of these agents are currently lacking.