Background: Developmental dislocation of the hip joint is among joint abnormalities and lack of its early diagnosis leads to irreversible complications and disabilities. Methods: The current cross sectional study was conducted on 210 eighteen -month -old premature infants. Premature infants at term gestational age were examined by a neonatologist and underwent a sonographic scanning by a skilled radiologist. The results of the physical examination and ultrasound reports were collected and analyzed. Results: In the clinical assessment, hip joint examination was diagnosed abnormal in 22 cases (10.4%) and joint dislocation was diagnosed by ultrasonographic examination in 17 patients (8.1%). In one high -risk case, despite normal clinical examination (0.48%), the dislocation was diagnosed by ultrasonographic evaluation. There was a significant relationship between hip dislocation rate, and reduced mean gestational age and birth weight (P < 0.05). The dislocation prevalence in the twins was significantly more than that of other infants (P = 0.001). In the current study, there was no statistically significant relationship between gender, family history, oligohydramnios, presentation, and type of delivery with joint dislocation (P > 0.05). In diagnosis of joint dislocation, clinical examination (the results of the Ortolani and the Barlow tests) had sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 97% compared with sonography; the positive and negative predictive values were 73% and 99%, respectively. Conclusions: Clinical examination has high sensitivity and specificity for early diagnosis of developmental hip dislocation. If there are risk factors, ultrasonographic scanning is recommended despite normal physical examination, and ultrasound is not necessary in case of normal physical examination and the absence of risk factors.
To identify behavioral, preferential, and professional factors influencing the use of amalgam in private practices; and to compare the incidence of the placement of amalgam versus composite resin restorations in the province of Ontario and its pedagogical implications on dental curricula. Methods: Participants responded anonymously to a 23-question online survey about their current use of dental amalgam and composite resins as well as their opinions regarding both dental materials. The explanatory variables were associated bivariately with the outcome variables, and the most significant predictors were identified using the multivariate analysis. Results: Higher percentages of amalgam use were reported among clinicians who trained in Canada only (P = .009), who graduated before 1980 (p = <.001) and who work outside private practice (p = <.001). Familiarity with amalgam was higher among clinicians who are female (p = <.001), older (p = <.001), trained only in Canada (p = .017), who graduated prior to 2000 (p = <.001), and who work in locations with populations over 100,000 (p = .042). Familiarity with composite resin was higher among clinicians who graduated more recently (p = .002). A higher percentage of females (p = <.001), younger clinicians (p = <.001), recent graduates (p = <.001), and clinicians who work in private practice (p = .043) suggested that over 50% of dental student training time be allocated to amalgam. Conclusions: Decreased amalgam use was reported by later dental graduates and private practitioners; this may be impacted by familiarity with dental amalgam. As amalgam remains a safe and effective dental material, its removal may not be prudent. Dental educators play a crucial role in the future of amalgam opinion and use.
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