The sick preterm infant monitoring is an intriguing job that medical staff in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) must deal with on a daily basis. As a standards monitoring procedure, preterm infants are monitored via sensors and electrodes that are firmly attached to their fragile and delicate skin and connected to processing monitors. However, an alternative exists in contactless imaging to record such physiological signals (we call it as Physio-Markers), detecting superficial changes and internal structures activities which can be used independently of, or aligned with, conventional monitors. Countless advantages can be gained from unobtrusive monitoring not limited to: (1) quick data generation; (2) decreasing physical and direct contact with skin, which reduces skin breakdown and minimizes risk of infection; and (3) reduction of electrodes and probes connected to clinical monitors and attached to the skin, which allows greater body surface-area for better care. This review is an attempt to build a solid ground for and to provide a clear perspective of the potential clinical applications of technologies inside NICUs that use contactless imaging modalities such as Visible Light Imaging (VLI), Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), and Infrared Thermography (IRT).
The monitoring of sick newborns is a challenging task that health care providers in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) must contend with each day. Conventionally, newborns are monitored via probes that are affixed to their skin and attached to processing monitors (Fig.1). However, an alternative exists in contactless imaging to record such physiological signals (Physio-Markers), surface changes and internal structures which can be used independently of, or in conjunction with conventional monitors. Advantages of contactless monitoring methods include: i) quick data generation; ii) lack of contact with skin, which reduces skin breakdown and decreases risk of infection; and iii) minimizing the number of probes and monitors affixed to the skin, which allows greater body surface-area for other care. This paper is an attempt to build a foundation for and to provide a vision of the potential neonatal clinical applications of technologies that use non-contact modalities such as Visible Light Imaging (VLI), Near InfraRed Spectrum (NIRS), and Thermal Imaging (TI) using InfraRed Spectrum (IRS).
A highly efficient twisted solenoid coil was proposed recently for TRASE imaging for transverse B 0 geometries. This novel coil can be rotated to generate a phase gradient in any transverse direction, therefore, combining two such coils would double k-space coverage for single-axis encoding, resulting in higher spatial resolution. However, the strong inductive coupling between a pair of coaxial twisted solenoids must be overcome. Methods: Here, we demonstrate that two concentric twisted solenoids, designed using previously described Biot-Savart calculations, can be geometrically decoupled by attaching to each a regular solenoid in series. The regular solenoid geometry resulting in minimization of mutual inductance was determined from simulations using the FastHenry2 tool. The effects on TRASE encoding performance due to the regular solenoids were assessed from simulations and experiments. Results: The maximum resulting B 1 magnitude and phase distortions were 3.7% and 4.6 • , while a good isolation S 12 = −17.5 dB between the coil pair was obtained. TRASE experiments confirmed the double k-space coverage, and achieved a rapid spin echo train with 128 k-space points collected within 80 ms, allowing short T 2 samples to be accurately imaged. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a pair of twisted solenoid phase gradient RF coils can be geometrically decoupled. Advantages over active PIN diode decoupling include faster switching, lower hardware complexity, and scalability. K E Y W O R D S geometric decoupling, RF coil, TRASE MRI, twisted solenoid 1 | INTRODUCTION 1.1 | TRASE overview and encoding principle Transmit Array Spatial Encoding (TRASE) is an MRI encoding approach that enables k-space data to be acquired using phase gradients in the radio frequency (RF) transmit fields (B 1). 1 Unlike conventional MRI encoding methods which rely on the use of main field (B 0) gradients, the substitution of B 0 gradients by B 1 phase gradients using simple RF technologies allows compact MRI systems to be made, particularly suitable for low-field, low-cost scenarios. 2 Recent work suggest that clinical-level millimeter spatial resolution is practically achievable, under both in vivo 3 and phantom situations. 1,2,4-6 | 1485 SUN et al. The fundamental concept of TRASE is that the pulse sequence consists of an echo train of 180 • refocusing pulses that are transmitted in an alternating pattern by switching the phase gradient B 1 field for each RF pulse. For onedimensional TRASE encoding, two different B 1 fields A and B with different phase gradients k A and k B are needed. These two phase gradients are transmitted alternatively down the spin echo train to impart a progressively increasing spatial phase modulation, with each k-space point collected by averaging the center points of each acquired echo. For higher dimensional TRASE encoding, more such B 1 phase gradient fields are needed, so for instance, three B 1 fields are sufficient for 2D TRASE encoding. Other reported phase gradient coil designs have included Helmholtz-M...
A crucial role is played by personal biomedical data when it comes to maintaining proficient access to health records by patients as well as health professionals. However, it is difficult to get a unified view pertaining to health data that have been scattered across various health centers/hospital sections. To be specific, health records are distributed across many places and cannot be integrated easily. In recent years, blockchain has arisen as a promising solution that helps to achieve the sharing of individual biomedical information in a secure way, whilst also having the benefit of privacy preservation because of its immutability. This research puts forward a blockchain-based managing scheme that helps to establish interpretation improvements pertaining to electronic biomedical systems. In this scheme, two blockchains were employed to construct the base, whereby the second blockchain algorithm was used to generate a secure sequence for the hash key that was generated in first blockchain algorithm. This adaptive feature enables the algorithm to use multiple data types and also combines various biomedical images and text records. All data, including keywords, digital records, and the identity of patients, are private key encrypted with a keyword searching function so as to maintain data privacy, access control, and a protected search function. The obtained results, which show a low latency (less than 750 ms) at 400 requests/second, indicate the possibility of its use within several health care units such as hospitals and clinics.
A crucial role is played by personal biomedical data when it comes to maintaining proficient access to health records by patients as well as health professionals. However, it is difficult to get a unified view pertaining to health data that have been scattered across various health center/hospital sections. To be specific, health records are distributed across many places and cannot be found integrated easily. In recent years, blockchain is regarded as a promising explanation that helps to achieve individual biomedical information sharing in a secured way along with privacy preservation, because of its benefit of immutability. This research work put forwards a blockchain-based managing scheme that helps to establish interpretation improvements pertaining to electronic biomedical systems. In this scheme, two blockchain were employed to construct the base of it, where the second blockchain algorithm is used to generate a secure sequence for the hash key that generated in first blockchain algorithm. The adaptively feature enable the algorithm to use multiple data types and combine between various biomedical images and text records as well. All the data, including keywords, digital records as well as the identity of patients are private key encrypted along with keyword searching capability so as to maintain data privacy preservation, access control and protected search. The obtained results which show the low latency (less than 750 ms) at 400 requests / second indicate the ability to use it within several health care units such as hospitals and clinics.
This article discusses an approximate scheme for solving one-dimensional heat-like and wave-like equations in fuzzy environment based on the homotopy perturbation method (HPM). The concept of topology in homotopy is used to create a convergent series solution of the fuzzy equations. The objective of the study is to formulate the double parametric fuzzy HPM to obtain approximate solutions of fuzzy heat-like and fuzzy wave-like equations. The fuzzification and the defuzzification analysis for the double parametric form of fuzzy numbers of the fuzzy heat-like and the fuzzy wave-like equations is carried out. The proof of convergence of the solution under the developed approximate scheme is provided. The effectiveness of the proposed method is tested by numerically solving examples of fuzzy heat-like and wave-like equations where results indicate that the approach is efficient not only in terms of accuracy but also with respect to CPU time consumption.
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