We have designed an electrochemical assay to rapidly diagnose influenza viruses. Exposure of a glucose bearing substrate to influenza viruses or its enzyme, Neuraminidase (NA) releases glucose, which was detected amperometrically. We used two methods to detect released glucose. First, we used a standard glucose blood meter to detect two viral NAs and three influenza strains. We also demonstrated drug susceptibility of two antivirals, Zanamivir and Oseltamivir, using the assay. Second, we used disposable test strips to detect nineteen H1N1 and H3N2 influenza strains using this assay in 1 hour. The limit and range of detection of this first generation assay is 102 and 102–108 plaque forming units (pfu), respectively. Existing, ubiquitous, user friendly glucose meters can be repurposed to detect influenza viruses.
The total syntheses of oroidin, hymenidin and clathrodin are reported via the intermediacy of an imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine derivative. The chemistry described herein obviates the need for expensive guanidine reagents, multiply protected prefunctionalized 2-aminoimidazole synthons, or the need for laborious olefinations thereby achieving synthetic efficiency amenable to scale-up. The approach outlined in this manuscript provides an opportunity for further functionalizations through the imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine core and through functional groups placed strategically on the side chain.
We have developed a panel of synthetic
glycans as receptor mimics
for the specific capture of influenza viruses. The glycans were printed
onto commercial glass slides using a free amine at the end of a spacer
to generate a small focused microarray. The microarray was evaluated
for its ability to capture three different strains of influenza A
virus, two H1N1, A/Brisbane/59/2007 and A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 and
one H3N2, A/Aichi/2/1968. We observed an excellent detection ability
with some compounds exhibiting clinically relevant (101 plaque forming units) limit of detection. We also tested the drug
susceptibility of current antivirals, Zanamivir and Ostelamivir using
this microarray and could determine antiviral resistance for these
strains.
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