Analysis of a GWA study followed by in silico and wet-lab replication steps identified the KIAA1462 gene, encoding a yet uncharacterized protein, on chromosome 10p11.23 with genome-wide significant association for CAD/MI. Further studies are needed to characterize the functional role of this locus in the aetiology of these diseases.
BackgroundEvaluations of silver in both nanoparticle (Ag-NPs) and ionic forms indicate some adverse effects on living organisms, but little is known about their potential for developmental toxicity. In this study, developmental toxicity of Ag-NPs (from 0.2 to 20 mg/kg/day) and ionic Ag (AgNO3, 20 mg Ag/kg/day) were investigated in rats.MethodsAnimals were dosed by gavage from gestation day 7 − 20. The day after parturition, dams and pups were sacrificed and Ag level assessed in several maternal and pup organs. In addition, hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress parameters and histopathology were evaluated.ResultsNo treatment related effects were found for gestational parameters including pregnancy length, maternal weight gain, implantations, birth weight and litter size at any dose level of Ag-NPs. Maternal weight gain was lower in dams receiving AgNO3 compared to the other groups, suggesting that the ionic form may exert a higher degree of toxicity compared to the NP form. Tissue contents of Ag were higher in all treated groups compared to control dams and pups, indicating transfer of Ag across the placenta. The findings furthermore suggest that Ag may induce oxidative stress in dams and their offspring, although significant induction was only observed after dosing with AgNO3. Histopathological examination of brain tissue revealed a high incidence of hippocampal sclerosis in dams treated with nanoparticle as well as ionic Ag.ConclusionThe difference in offspring deposition patterns between ionic and NP Ag and the observations in dam brain tissue, requires scrutiny, and, if corroborated, indicate that ionic and NP forms maybe need separate risk assessments and that the hazard ratings of silver in both ionic and nanoparticle forms should be increased, respectively.Trial registrationNot applicable.Graphical abstractDevelopmental Toxicity of Ag-NPs.
Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is a distinguished histopathological entity affecting several organs, predominantly the kidney and gallbladder. So far, only a small number of cases of xanthogranulomatous inflammation occurring in female genital tract have been described, most frequently affecting the endometrium and histologically characterized by replacement of endometrium by xanthogranulomatous inflammation composed of abundant foamy histiocytes, siderophages, giant cells, fibrosis, calcification and accompanying polymorphonuclear leucocytes, plasma cells and lymphocytes of polyclonal origin. We present a case of a 69-year-old female complained of post menopausal bleeding and weight loss. Clinical preliminary diagnoses were endometrial carcinoma or hyperplasia and ultrasound was supposed to be endometrial malignancy, hyperplasia or pyometra by radiologist. Histopathological examination of uterus revealed xanthogranulomatous endometritis. Since xanthogranulomatous endometritis may mimic endometrial malignancy clinically and pathologically as a result of the replacement of the endometrium and occasionally invasion of the myometrium by friable yellowish tissue composed of histiocytes, knowledge of this unusual inflammatory disease is needed for both clinicians and pathologists.
Energy drinks (ED) are containing large doses of metabolic stimulants and its use with ethanol has increased dramatically among young adults. In this study, we examined the effects of ED exposure either alone or in combination with ethanol on oxidative stress parameters including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and lipid peroxidation parameter malondialdehyde (MDA) in rat. Some histopathological findings were also evaluated. ED exposure led to a dose-dependent increase in liver MDA compared to the control indicating oxidative damage. Histopathological findings also revealed that ED alone may generate liver damage. Ethanol exposure increased MDA level and SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activity in both the brain and the liver. The combination of ethanol and ED produced greater damage which is considered by further increases in SOD and GSH-Px activity in the brain. Similar results for MDA were observed in both the liver and brain as well. Our findings suggest that ED consumption alone or combination with ethanol may represent a significant public health concern.
Advances in nanotechnology opened up new horizons in the field of cancer research. Nanoparticles made of various organic and inorganic materials and with different optical, magnetic and physical characteristics have the potential to revolutionize the way we diagnose, treat and follow-up cancers. Importantly, designs that might allow tumor-specific targeting and lesser side effects may be produced. Nanoparticles may be tailored to carry conventional chemotherapeutics or new generation organic drugs. Currently, most of the drugs that are commonly used, are small chemical molecules targeting disease-related enzymes. Recent progress in RNA interference technologies showed that, even proteins that are considered to be "undruggable" by small chemical molecules, might be targeted by small RNAs for the purpose of curing diseases, including cancer. In fact, small RNAs such as siRNAs, shRNAs and miRNAs can drastically change cellular levels of almost any given disease-associated protein or protein group, resulting in a therapeutic effect. Gene therapy attempts were failing mainly due to delivery viral vector-related side effects. Biocompatible, non-toxic and efficient nanoparticle carriers raise new hopes for the gene therapy of cancer. In this review article, we discuss new advances in nucleic acid and especially RNA carrier nanoparticles, and summarize recent progress about their use in cancer therapy.
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